US: Restrictive immigration policies would undermine Public Health and economic stability

Expected Immigration Policies under a second Trump administration and their health and economic implications

Introduction

Immigration was a central campaign issue during the 2024 Presidential election with President-elect Trump vowing to take strict action to restrict both lawful and unlawful immigration into the U.S. Such actions would have stark impacts on the health and well-being of immigrant families as well as major economic consequences for the nation. As of 2023, there were 47.1 million immigrants residing in the U.S., and one in four children had an immigrant parent.1 Increased immigration boosts federal revenuesand lowers the national deficit through immigrants’ participation in the country’s economy, workforce, and through billions of dollars in tax contributions.

This issue brief discusses key changes to immigration policies that may take place under the second Trump administration based on his previous record and campaign statements, and their implications. President-elect Trump has indicated plans to restrict and eliminate legal immigration pathways, including humanitarian protections, and deport millions of immigrants, which would likely lead to separation of families, negative mental and physical impacts for immigrant families, and negative consequences on the nation’s workforce and economy.

Expected Policy Changes

Elimination of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) Program

The future of the DACA program remains uncertain due to pending litigation, and President-elect Trump has indicated plans to eliminate it, which would lead to over half a million DACA recipients losing protected status. DACA was originally established via executive action in June 2012 to protect certain undocumented immigrants who were brought to the U.S. as children from removal proceedings and receive authorization to work for renewable two-year periods. During his prior term, President-elect Trump sought to end DACA but was blocked by the Supreme Court in 2020. The Biden administration issued regulations in 2022 to preserve DACA protections. In September 2023, a district court in Texas ruled the DACA program unlawful, preventing the Biden administration from implementing the new regulations while the case awaits a decision in the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. Under pending court rulings, while the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is accepting first-time DACA requests, it is unable to process them. DHS is continuing to process DACA renewal requests and related requests for employment authorization. After the attempt to end DACA failed in 2020, the Trump administration saidthat it would try again to eliminate DACA protections, and, if the pending court ruling finds the program unlawful, the administration is unlikely to appeal the decision. There are over half a million active DACA recipients, a majority of whom are working and many of whom have U.S.-born children, who could be at risk of deportation if the program is eliminated.

A recent health coverage expansion to DACA recipients also is subject to pending litigation and would, if eliminated, leave many DACA recipients without access to an affordable coverage option. In May 2024, the Biden administration published regulations to extend eligibility for Affordable Care Act (ACA) Marketplace coverage with premium and cost-sharing subsidies to DACA recipients, who were previously ineligible for federally funded health coverage options. The regulation became effective November 1, 2024, allowing for enrollment during the 2025 Open Enrollment Period. In August 2024, a group of states filed a lawsuit against the federal government alleging that the ACA Marketplace coverage expansion for DACA recipients violates the Administrative Procedure Act. The case is currently under review at a district court in North Dakota and a decision is expected in the coming months. Elimination of the expansion could leave the nearly 100,000 uninsured DACA recipients it is estimated to cover without an affordable coverage option.

Changes to Public Charge Policy

President-elect Trump could reinstate changes to public charge policy that he made during his first term, which led to increased fears and misinformation among immigrant families about accessing programs and services, including health coverage. Under longstanding immigration policy, federal officials can deny entry to the U.S. or adjustment to lawful permanent resident (LPR) status (i.e., a “green card”) to someone they determine to be a public charge. During his prior term, President-elect Trump issued regulations in 2019 that broadened the scope of programs that the federal government would consider in public charge determinations to newly include the use of non-cash assistance programs like Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP). Research suggests that these changes increased fears among immigrant families about participating in programs and seeking services, including health coverage and care. Prior KFF analysis estimated that the 2019 changes to public charge policy could have led to decreased coverage for between 2 to 4.7 million Medicaid or CHIP enrollees who were noncitizens or citizens living in a mixed immigration status family. The Biden administration rescinded these changes. However, as of 2023, a majority of immigrant adults said in a KFF survey that they were “not sure” about public charge rules, and roughly one in ten (8%), rising to about one in four (27%) of likely undocumented immigrant adults, said they have avoided applying for assistance with food, housing, or health care in the past year due to immigration-related fears (Figure 1). As of November 2024, President-elect Trump has not indicated whether his administration plans to reinstate his first term changes to public charge policy.

 

Expanded Interior Enforcement Actions

President-elect Trump has indicated that his administration plans to carry out mass detentions and deportations of millions of immigrants, including long-term residents, which could lead to family separations and negative mental and physical health consequences. President-elect Trump has stated that he will declare a national emergency and use the U.S. military to carry out mass deportationsof tens of millions of undocumented immigrants residing in the U.S., many of whom have been living and working in the country for decades. Such a policy could lead to family separations as well as mass detentions, which can have negative implications for the mental health and well-being of immigrant families and also put their physical health at risk. Tom Homan, who was the director of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) during the first Trump administration and has been selected as the incoming administration’s “border czar”, has said that it is possible to carry out mass deportations without separating families by deporting an entire family unit together, even if the child may be a U.S. citizen. As was the case during his first term, he may also carry out workplace raids as part of mass deportation efforts. Research shows that such raids can lead to family separations, poor physical and mental health outcomes for immigrant families, negative birth and educational outcomes for the children of immigrants, and financial hardship due to employment losses. Prior KFF research shows that restrictive immigration policies implemented during the first Trump administration, including detention and deportation led to increased fears and stress among immigrant families and negatively impacted the health and well-being of children of immigrants, most of whom are U.S. citizens.

Mass deportations could also negatively impact the U.S. workforce and economy, where immigrants make significant contributions. Immigrants have similar rates of employment as their U.S.-born counterparts and play outsized roles in certain occupations such as agriculture, construction, and health care. Research has found that immigrants do not displace U.S.-born workers and help foster job growth through entrepreneurship and the consumption of goods and services. Further, federal data show that unemployment rates for U.S.-born workers have not decreased between 2022 and 2023 and have remained similar to those for immigrant workers. In addition, immigrants, including undocumented immigrants, pay billions of dollars in federal, state, and local taxes each year. Mass deportation of immigrants could lead to workforce shortages in key sectors which could have negative economic consequences including an increase in the cost of essential goods such as groceries. Vice President-elect Vance has stated that immigrants are responsible for the U.S. housing crisis. While some studies show a link between immigration and rising housing costs, in general, economists are skeptical of immigration being a primary driver. Mass deportation of immigrants could also worsen housing shortages since immigrants make up a significant share of construction workers. Workplace raids can exacerbate existing labor shortages and have a negative impact on the local economies of the communities where they take place. Further, research shows that without the contributions undocumented immigrants make to the Medicare Trust Fund, it would reach insolvency earlier, and that undocumented immigrants result in a net positive effect on the financial status of Social Security. There also is likely to be a significant cost to taxpayers for the government to carry out large-scale detention and deportations.

Ending Birthright Citizenship

President-elect Trump has stated that he will sign an executive order to end birthright citizenship for the children of some immigrants despite it being a guaranteed right under the U.S. Constitution, which would negatively impact the health care workforce and economy. This proposed action would limit access to health coverage and care for the children of immigrants since they may not have lawful status. It could also have broader ramifications for the nation’s workforce and economy, potentially exacerbating existing worker shortages, including in health care. KFF analysis of federal data shows that adult children of immigrants have slightly better educational and economic outcomes than adult children of U.S.-born parents and make up twice the share of physicians, surgeons, and other health care practitioners as compared to their share of the population (13% vs. 6%) (Figure 2). Other research also has found that children of immigrants contribute more in taxes on average than their parents or the rest of the U.S.-born population, and that their fiscal contributions exceed their costs associated with health care, education, and other social services.

 

Reinstatement of “Remain in Mexico” Policy

President-elect Trump has stated that he will reinstate the “Remain in Mexico” border policy and that he may use military spending to carry out stricter border enforcement, which would leave an increased number of asylum seekers facing unsafe conditions at the border. The first Trump administration implemented Migrant Protection Protocols, often referred to as the “Remain in Mexico” policy, in 2019. Under this policy, asylum seekers were required to remain in Mexico, often in unsafe conditions, while they awaited their immigration court hearings. The Biden administration ended this policy in 2022, following some legal challenges, although it implemented a series of increasingly restrictive limits on asylum eligibility in 2023 and 2024 in response to a high number of border encounters. President-elect Trump said he plans to reinstate the Migrant Protection Protocols. He also has indicated that he will deploy the National Guard, as well as active duty military personnel, if needed, to the U.S.-Mexico border, although details of the plan remain unclear. Heightened military presence at the border can lead to increased fears among immigrant families living in border areas and using part of the military budget for border security could face legal challenges.

Restrictions on Humanitarian Protections

President-elect Trump said he plans to significantly limit the entry of humanitarian migrants into the U.S. during his second term by restricting refugee limits, shutting down the CBP One application for asylum seekers, and eliminating Temporary Protected Status (TPS) designations for immigrants from some countries.  During his first term, President Trump set the annual refugee admissions ceiling at its lowest levels, ranging from 50,000 in 2017 to a historic low of 18,000 in 2020. The Biden administration increased the limit to 65,000 in 2021, a level close to the annual ceilings prior to the first Trump term, and further increased the limits in 2022 and 2024 in response to humanitarian concerns. It is likely that President-elect Trump will reduce the admissions ceiling for refugees in his second term. The President-elect has also said that he will close the CBP One application created by the Biden administration which allows asylum seekers to seek lawful entry to the U.S. by making an interview appointment with the DHS. While there have been implementation challenges with the CBP One application, shutting down the application could lead to “mass cancellation of appointments” and possibly an increase in attempts to cross the border outside of ports of entry. President-elect Trump also has indicated that he will roll back TPS designations for some immigrants, including those from Haiti. TPS designations protect immigrants from countries deemed unsafe by the DHS from deportation and provide them with employment authorization but do not provide a pathway to long-term residency or citizenship. As of March 2024, over 860,000 immigrants from 16 countries were protected by TPS. Loss of TPS would put people at risk for deportation, which could contribute to family separation which in turn can have negative impacts on the mental and physical health of immigrant families, and broader negative consequences for the workforce and economy.

Endnotes
  1. KFF analysis of 2023 American Community Survey 1-year Public Use Microdata Sample.

Series papers explore challenges in HIV care for migrants and refugees, highlighting social and structural barriers

Report reveals how nations downplay migrants HIV care

A study has revealed how countries across the world have downplayed the health of international migrants who face barriers while accessing HIV care along the migration routes.

In many countries, the study shows that people on the move are confronted with stigma related to migration status, racialism, discrimination and unfavourable policies that run health care systems.

The study focused on migrants who are not aware of their HIV status but are either infected with or are vulnerable to acquiring HIV, and migrants who know their positive status and require linkage and adherence to HIV treatment.

“Migration is a common phenomenon and will remain an important health determinant when attempting to successfully strengthen health systems, including the access to continuity of HIV care,” the journal published by Lancet notes.

The worst hit are the undocumented migrants who due to fear of deportation and stigma may never seek HIV care from a health facility.

Although documented migrants have the right to access health care in some countries, they might still face barriers while accessing HIV care.

In some countries, documented migrants reportedly faced verbal abuse and discrimination in healthcare settings and were denied access to treatment even when they had the right to it, or were charged higher fees.

According to the study, the migration trajectory, including a pre-migration period in departure countries and transition periods before arriving at destination countries, presents HIV-related risks for migrants.

“Along this trajectory, migrants are likely to face different risk-inducing social, physical, political, and economic environments. Migrants’ departure countries might contribute to their overall determinants of HIV including specific vulnerabilities, practices around safer sex, and health-care seeking,” it reads in part.

The study cites a case where migrants arriving from countries with a patriarchal culture where sex is considered taboo, such as Arab countries, have been reported to experience a high burden of gender-related stigma associated with a high likelihood of acquiring HIV and delayed testing.

Additionally, the report says that experiences and familiarity with healthcare systems in departure countries might also shape migrants’ practices around seeking HIV care in transition or destination countries.

In the context of forced displacement, the research states that challenges related to accessing HIV care during the transition stage are major points of concern, especially where some migrants have to reside in refugee facilities in transition countries for long periods, which might substantially delay their access to HIV care.

These 2 research papers are part of the Lancet SERIESHIV in Migrant Populations Online first accessible freely after registration: 

Humanising and optimising HIV health care for refugees and asylum seekers

Interventions to ensure access to and continuity of HIV care for international migrants: an evidence synthesis

 

Vietnam: Vietnam and IOM sign MoU to promote migrant inclusion in National Health Systems

IOM and Ministry of Health sign partnership to promote migrants’ health

The International Organisation for Migration (IOM) and the Ministry of Health (MoH) on Wednesday afternoon strengthened their collaboration in promoting the health and well-being of migrants.

HÀ NỘI — The International Organisation for Migration (IOM) and the Ministry of Health (MoH) on Wednesday afternoon agreed to strengthen their collaboration in promoting the health and well-being of migrants by signing a new Memorandum of Understanding (MoU).

Under the MoU, they also agreed to promote migrants’ inclusion in national health systems and policies.

The MoU reflects nearly 40 years of collaboration between IOM and MoH, which began in the early 1980s.

Over the years, this partnership has grown from IOM health assessment programmes for populations moving to destination countries to public health efforts that facilitate better access to healthcare services for migrants and strengthen cross-border disease control and public health emergency response and preparedness.

Việt Nam has become a significant source of migrants, particularly those seeking employment opportunities abroad.

Recent data shows a resurgence in international labour migration, with approximately 155,000 Vietnamese citizens securing employment abroad last year alone, equivalent to nearly a third of the new workers entering the labour market.

Similar to other countries in the ASEAN region, the burden of health issues in Việt Nam remains complex, including infectious diseases, occupational health hazards and injuries, mental health challenges, non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes and maternal and child health problems.

Infectious diseases like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), tuberculosis (TB) and malaria continue to be significant concerns.

Achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) remains a challenging goal and presents an even greater challenge for migrants.

Recent studies conducted by IOM in the region have highlighted the challenges faced by cross-border migrants in accessing healthcare, including language barriers, discrimination, financial constraints, lack of health insurance across borders and lack of official cross-border referral mechanisms for migrant patients.

They can be made even more vulnerable in pandemic situations due to inadequate access to needed health care and services, as shown during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Park Mi-Hyung, Chief of Mission of IOM in Việt Nam, stressed the importance of this collaboration to ensure the health and well-being of migrants, aligning with the goals of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration (GCM) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

“In a world where an increasing number of people are on the move, collaborations and partnerships are crucial to enhance the health and well-being of migrants. Healthy migrants contribute to healthy communities,” she said.

Nguyễn Tri Thức, Deputy Minister of Health, said that in recent years, the MoH and IOM have actively cooperated in many areas related to ensuring the health of migrants, including raising awareness of migrants’ health, strengthening bilateral cooperation in cross-border tuberculosis control and preparing for and responding to public health emergencies.

In addition, he said, IOM supported enhanced regional cooperation last year through regional workshops on migration and migrant health.

Goal 3 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals is good health and well-being.

“I hope we will continue to promote closer cooperation to successfully implement the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals,” said Thức. — VNS

Australia: Criminalisation fuels healthcare disparities for migrants living with HIV

HIV in Australia: shades of injustice remain

Elimination is the goal, but migrants living with the virus experience a criminalised environment that thwarts access to care.

Health Minister Mark Butler painted a largely rosy picture of the progress towards elimination of HIV in Australia today, speaking on the second morning of the ASHM HIV/AIDS Conference in Sydney.

A legal academic, however, said people with HIV in Australia were still living under a pall of criminalisation, none more so than migrants.

Mr Butler praised the Australian response to the epidemic, especially in NSW, which was most affected in the early days.

“Since HIV was first detected more than 40 years ago in Australia, Australia’s response has been one to be proud of,” he said.

“When you go back to those early years, AIDS was highly feared here as it was around the world. There was huge stigma, misinformation, homophobia and such loss and so much grief for communities.

“But Australia’s response early on was characterised by partnership and collaboration: governments, people living with HIV, communities affected by HIV, non-government organisations, health professionals and academics all came together and worked together.”

He said HIV notifications were declining in Australia, at one of the fastest rates in the world – “but as you have all heard, I’m sure, transmission has also gone up in 2023, reminding us there is always more work to be done”.

“Eliminating transmission of HIV here in Australia is ambitious, but I am absolutely assured it is now achievable,” he said today, citing inner Sydney – once the epicentre of the epidemic – as a place that had effectively achieved elimination.

Mr Butler set up the HIV Taskforce last year with a goal to “virtually” eliminate transmission by 2030. The Ninth National HIV Strategy covers from last year to 2030, continuing the work of the Eighth – whose goal was virtual elimination by 2022.

He said transmission rates had grown “among temporary residents who are here in Australia on work or study visas”.

“So we will provide subsidised access to PrEP to make healthcare more equitable for people who don’t have access to Medicare … We will make sure that at-risk populations can get free HIV self-testing kits through an expansion of the national HIV self-test mailout program [run by the National Association of People with HIV Australia (NAPWHA)] as well as HIV self-testing vending machine programs,” said Mr Butler.

For David Carter, Scientia Associate Professor at the faculty of Law & Justice at UNSW, the necessary changes for people on visas won’t be found in any vending machine but in immigration policy.

Professor Carter, who leads the Health+Law Research Partnership for social justice for people living with HIV or hepatitis B, walked through the history of “unjust and unhelpful” HIV criminalisation in Australia – a public policy environment that includes but is not limited to action by law enforcement and courts. It begins with the creation of a “suspect population”.

He quoted the very first National HIV Strategy in 1987, which warned of the “temptation” of criminalisation measures, including “universal or selective testing, closure of gay venues, criminal penalties for transmission, compulsory notification of HIV infection and restrictions on freedoms of infected people through limitations on employment, quarantine or compulsory detention”, and noted these would jeopardise health measures to prevent transmission.

A working party in 1992 concluded that “even in the face of decisions by individuals that generate harm, it was the wrong decision to restrict the free choice of individuals in modern society, as draconian measures would merely alienate people at risk of infection and deter them presenting for counselling, testing and treatment”.

While pressure to enforce such measures may have been largely resisted, and the situation for Australians has greatly improved, migrants living with HIV are still experiencing an alienating and hostile environment, said Professor Carter.

Characterising them as posing potential harm to Australians “establishes an adversarial relationship between the person living with HIV and the state” and compromises health care by promoting defensive behaviour.

He and his team have interviewed migrants in Australia living with HIV over the past two years, for whom “criminalisation is indeed very active, and it is producing serious, negative health and other impacts of individuals or communities and respects”.

He quoted one interviewee, “Sergio”, who told the team: “I don’t have to face any court, but I did have to prove that I wasn’t a bad person just because I have HIV.”

Others spoke of experience going through the migration process as being “subject to an unending interrogation”.

“Laurence” told his interviewer: “It’s like a tattoo on your mind. The government will treat you different for every single step of your life from here on out.”

“Manish”, who was on a temporary visa, avoided getting tested for 10 months after beginning to suspect he had HIV, for fear of having his visa revoked. His health deteriorated during this time.

“The elevated threat levels produced by the interaction of migration law and public health law … significantly harmed Manish’s health, caused psychological distress and steered him towards coping responses that denied him the testing and treatment, access to medical care and other supports that he deserves and that we all collectively affirm are essential and are his right,” said Professor Carter.

“Manish said to us: ‘I feel like if I had reassurance that nothing’s going to happen to me if I tested positive for this, I would not have been afraid to go and get a test for HIV’.”

Others described feelings of “hopelessness and depression, because there is no hope for us to stay permanently while living with HIV” (in fact there are pathways for permanent migration despite living with HIV). These people would go for weeks without medication in a form of self-sabotage “because they just don’t have hope for their future anymore”.

For these and other people like them, the Australian environment “is just a set of undifferentiated threats to autonomy, wellbeing and safety, to which they are forced to respond with adaptation, distancing and adopting a posture of self-defence”.

Professor Carter concluded that “it may be different today [from the 90s], but it is not over, and it won’t be over here or elsewhere until the stigma of HIV, unconventional sexuality and drug use are gone”.

The HIV/AIDS Conference is running in Sydney this week back-to-back with the 25th IUSTI World Congress.

US: City initiative aims to combat rising STIs rates among vulnerable populations

NYC to launch STD outreach program for uninsured New Yorkers, migrants

The city is launching a new outreach program to try to curb sexually transmitted diseases among uninsured New Yorkers, including migrants, The Post has learned.

Health Department officials reported a significant 36% spike in syphilis cases among women and an 11% jump in the gonorrhea rate among men in the city in 2022 — when a tidal wave of migrants began flooding the Big Apple, according to the most recent data available.

For both sexes combined, the city saw a 3% increase in syphilis cases that year compared to 2021, a 3% increase in chlamydia cases and 10% increase in gonorrhea cases.

“Assuring comprehensive and timely screening and treatment for STIs [Sexually Transmitted Infections], including chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis, is critical for preventing … infertility, increased susceptibility to HIV, and congenital syphilis—as well as preventing onward spread to sex partners,” the department said in a pitch to potential bidders to run the program.

“Those who have immigrated to the US face barriers including insurance ineligibility (for undocumented and DACA recipients), delays in eligibility to access public health insurance programs (for documented immigrants), and barriers in understanding eligibility standards,” it added.

More than 212,000 migrants have sought assistance since arriving in the city starting in mid-2022, with 63,000 currently in the Big Apple’s shelter system, Mayor Eric Adams said Tuesday.

Last year, Health Commissioner Ashwin Vasan raised the alarm that half the migrants entering the city had not been tested for the contagious and potentially deadly polio virus.

Most low-income citizens have access to health insurance such as Medicaid to be screened and treated for sexually transmitted infections including chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis and HIV.

But the department said it’s more difficult to reach the hundreds of thousands of uninsured New Yorkers, including asylum-seekers, undocumented migrants here illegally and other young people.

Residents who lack insurance are unlikely or unable to self-pay for treatment out of pocket or may resist testing on their own, too, officials said.

“Lack of insurance and financial instability are among the frequently noted barriers to STI care, and they are often correlated,” the department said in its “concept paper” explaining the outreach.

Younger residents, LGBT individuals, blacks and Latinos and the unemployed who are uninsured or underinsured are also less likely to get screening, officials added.

Reported STI cases in the city have risen steadily since 2018, the department said.

But officials said the increase may partially reflect the resumption of STI screening services that were suspended or postponed during the COVID-19  pandemic.

Such services were impacted by lockdown protocols and restrictions and nationwide shortages in testing supplies.

The department said it is seeking  up to three contractors to provide STI-related services to uninsured New Yorkers in neighborhoods with the highest rates of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis.

The services would include screening and treatment as well as providing vaccines for hepatitis A, hepatitis B, HPV, and mpox.

“The purpose of this RFP [request for proposals] is to ensure that these individuals have equitable access to STI services,” the proposal said.

The Health Department had no immediate comment on how much the initiative would cost or how much each contractor would be paid and over how many years.

Tajikistan: Rising HIV cases among migrants highlight urgent need for testing and repeal of HIV criminalisation law

Every third person with HIV in Tajikistan is a labour migrant

Translated with Deepl.com. For article in Russian, please scroll down. 

There are more and more people living with HIV among migrants

In Tajikistan, every third person with HIV is a labour migrant. Over the past five years, 5,463 cases of HIV infection have been detected, according to data from the Republican Centre for HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control. Of these, migrants account for 22 per cent of those infected. While in 2019 migrants accounted for only 17 per cent of those infected, by 2023 that figure had risen to 32.5 per cent.
Balajon Davlatov, a specialist of the dispensary department of the Republican HIV Centre, strongly recommends to take a free test at one of the HIV prevention and control centres in Tajikistan immediately after arrival.

“Every migrant, after returning home, should be tested for HIV infection if they have doubts about it,” Davlatov said.
More than 300 migrants are already on the Republican HIV Centre’s dispensary register, he said. Their identities and test results are not disclosed to third parties.
“Any information about each person should be confidential. It is possible to get express tests, which within 15 minutes by analysing saliva report the patient’s HIV status – completely anonymously,” he says.
Such tests are available free of charge at one of the 67 government HIV prevention and control centres in all regions of Tajikistan.
In addition to testing through blood at AIDS centres, self-testing using near-blood fluid is now available. Self-test kits are available in Dushanbe, Rudaki, Khujand and B.Gafurov through online ordering at hivtest.tj.

The ordering process involves filling out a simple form with a few questions. This platform helps people confidentially find out their HIV status and provides up-to-date information on protection and prevention methods.
Those who test positive for HIV can learn more about their result and get a follow-up confirmatory test at the AIDS Centre.

We had a case with a woman who tested positive for HIV,” says Balajon Davlatov, “after treatment with antiretrovirals, she gave birth to two HIV-negative children. Now she lives in Russia, and we send her the necessary medication and counselling.
This proves that HIV-infected people can give birth to healthy children and live a full life.

It is an offence to infect another person with HIV

However, a positive HIV status can carry certain risks, which are not only related to the state of health. If a person knows that he or she is HIV-positive but hides it from his or her sexual partner, he or she can be fined from 720 to 1440 somoni under Article 120 of the Code of Administrative Offences (CAO).

Evasion of treatment for HIV or other infectious diseases is also punishable by a fine of 1,440 to 2,160 somoni. This liability is stipulated in Article 119 of the Code of Administrative Offences.

If a person deliberately infects another person with HIV, he or she may be punished with restriction of freedom for up to 3 years or imprisonment for up to 2 years. If, knowing his/her HIV status, he/she infects another person, he/she may face 2 to 5 years in prison. The term of imprisonment can be longer, from 5 to 10 years, if more than one person was infected or if the victim was a minor. This punishment is already stipulated in article 125 of the Criminal Code, which characterises these actions not as an offence but as a criminal offence.

Therefore, it is very important to periodically take tests and check your status, especially if you are in a risk group.


Среди мигрантов всё больше людей, живущих с ВИЧ

В Таджикистане каждый третий человек с ВИЧ – это трудовой мигрант. За последние 5 лет выявлено 5463 случая заражения ВИЧ инфекцией, говорят данные Республиканского центра по профилактике и борьбе с ВИЧ/СПИД. Из них 22% инфицированных приходится на мигрантов. Если в 2019 году мигранты составляли всего 17% зараженных, то к 2023 году эта цифра увеличилась до 32,5%.
Баладжон Давлатов, специалист диспансерного отделения Республиканского центра ВИЧ, настоятельно рекомендует сразу после прибытия пройти бесплатный тест в одном из центров по профилактике и борьбе с ВИЧ-инфекцией в Таджикистане.

«Каждый мигрант после возвращения на родину должен пройти обследования на факт заражения ВИЧ, если у него есть сомнения по этому поводу», – говорит Давлатов.
По его словам, уже более 300 мигрантов находятся на диспансерном учете республиканского центра ВИЧ. Их личность и результаты теста не разглашаются третьим лицам.
«Любая информация о каждом лице должна быть конфиденциальной. Можно получить экспресс-тесты, которые в течение 15 минут путем анализа слюны сообщают о ВИЧ-статусе пациента – полностью анонимно», – говорит он.
Такие тесты можно получить бесплатно в одном из 67 государственных центров по профилактике и борьбе со ВИЧ во всех регионах Таджикистана.
В дополнение к тестированию через кровь в Центрах СПИД, сегодня доступно самотестирование с использованием околодесновой жидкости. Наборы для самотестирования можно получить в городах Душанбе, Рудаки, Худжанд и Б.Гафуров через онлайн-заказ на сайте hivtest.tj.
Процесс заказа включает заполнение простой формы с несколькими вопросами. Эта платформа помогает людям на конфиденциальной основе узнать свой ВИЧ-статус и предоставляет актуальную информацию о методах защиты и профилактики.
Те, у кого тест на ВИЧ оказался положительным, могут узнать о своем результате подробнее и пройти повторное подтверждающее тестирование в Центре СПИД.

«У нас был случай с женщиной с положительным ВИЧ статусом, – рассказывает Баладжон Давлатов, – после лечение антиретровирусными препаратами она родила двоих детей с отрицательным ВИЧ-статусом. Сейчас она живёт в России, и мы отправляем ей нужные медикаменты и даём консультации».
Это доказывает, что ВИЧ инфицированные люди могут рожать здоровых детей и полноценно жить.

Заражение ВИЧ другого человека – это преступление

Однако положительный ВИЧ-статус может нести определенные риски, которые связаны не только с состоянием здоровья. Если человек знает, что у него положительный ВИЧ-статус, но скрывает это от своего сексуального партнера, то в рамках статьи 120 Кодекса об административных правонарушениях (КоАП) РТ ему могут выписать штраф от 720 до 1440 сомони.

За уклонение от лечения от ВИЧ или других инфекционных заболеваний тоже выписывается штраф от 1440 до 2160 сомони. Эта ответственность предусмотрена статьей 119 КоАП.
Если человек умышленно заражает другого ВИЧ, он может быть наказан ограничением свободы до 3 лет или лишением свободы до 2 лет. Если, зная о своем ВИЧ-статусе, он заразил другого человека, ему может грозить от 2 до 5 лет тюрьмы. Срок лишения свободы может быть больше – от 5 до 10 лет, если было заражено более одного человека или жертвой стало несовершеннолетнее лицо. Это наказание предусматривается уже в статье 125 Уголовного кодекса РТ, что характеризует эти действия не как правонарушение, а как уголовное преступление.
Поэтому очень важно периодически сдавать анализы и проверять свой статус, особенно, если человек находится в группе риска.

Migrants in Switzerland are in a situation of greater intersectional vulnerability to HIV

The authors of a study advise that specific preventive interventions be carried out that take into account the needs of this population.

Migrants in Europe are at much higher risk of acquiring HIV – and also developing AIDS – due to numerous social factors that place them in a vulnerable position. On the other hand, these vulnerabilities are enhanced by sexism, cisgenderism and racism, according to a Swiss study published in Culture, Health and Sexuality. All this is reflected in the fact that a significant number of these people are infected with HIV in their host country, so it is necessary to carry out specific preventive interventions for this population, which address the identified risk factors.

The conclusions of previous studies indicated that migrants faced not only particular legal and socioeconomic factors that put them in a situation of vulnerability, but that there were also other more specific aspects that also influenced that risk, such as not being a cis person, not being heterosexual or being a sex worker.

Intersectional inequality is produced by the interaction of several axes of inequality and oppression such as age, class, sex, sexual diversity, religious beliefs or national or ethnic origin, among others. The intersection of social vulnerabilities increases the risk that migrants will acquire HIV or develop advanced HIV disease due to lack of adequate care.

As a result, the Swiss public health authorities decided to collect data to inform HIV/STI prevention policies in the migrant population. To this end, a sociological, participatory and qualitative study was launched by a team of social researchers from the University of Freiburg. Special attention was paid to people coming from countries with high HIV prevalence, sex workers, gay men, bisexuals and other men who have sex with men (GBHSH), injecting drug users, trans and undocumented people or with temporary residence status in Switzerland.

All participants were over 18 years of age who were subjected to in-depth interviews. It was attended by prevention specialists working in the field of migration and HIV.

The results of the study reveal that the biographical, interactional and contextual dimensions are intertwined and create social vulnerabilities that affect this population. Thus, the team of researchers reports that, by not allowing irregular migrants to work, Swiss laws lead them to undeclared and poorly paid jobs. This exposes them to exploitation and deprives them of housing, social protection and health insurance. Lack of health care is very common among these people, who live with the constant fear of being reported or deported.

The link between the three dimensions and social vulnerabilities is also observed in relation to work. All these limitations can translate into both a precarious housing situation and the need to practice transactional sex in exchange for economic, housing and other resources.

That is, the difficulties faced by migrants in a host country condition their behaviours and sexual relations, and increase their vulnerability to HIV, especially due to an increase in transactional relationships. On the other hand, limitations to access antiretroviral treatment increase their risk of developing advanced HIV disease.

The structural conditions in which interactions with sexual partners occur may increase the vulnerability of these people to HIV. Thus, they can be seen in situations where they cannot negotiate safe practices. Added to this, in the case of needing post-exposure prophylaxis against HIV (PEP), you may find stigmatizing attitudes towards sex work.

In their conclusions, the study authors indicate that these findings have important implications for HIV prevention and HIV treatment in the context of migration. For example, they highlight the need for a structural shift towards greater equity in health care and universal access to it. In addition, if migrants had greater economic and legal security (for example, thanks to economic benefits and long-term residence permits) they would be less likely to enter into intimate relationships with an unequal balance of power. They also suggest that HIV and AIDS prevention among the migrant population requires a review of social and cultural structures and power systems, such as sexism, cisgenderism and racism.

These conclusions are in line with those from the aMASE study (Expanding access to health services for immigrants in Europe), carried out in 10 European countries. The study not only reflected that a large proportion of migrants were infected in their host country (agent the preconceived idea that they had been infected in their home country), but also advocated that migrant communities be considered more actively in HIV prevention campaigns.

Peru: Venezuelan migrants in Peru face severe challenges in HIV care and basic services, report finds

Biobehavioral Survey (BBS) in Venezuelan Migrants living in Lima/Callao and Trujillo – Final report

Translated with Google translate – Scroll down for article in Spanish

The persistent and serious economic and social crisis that Venezuela is experiencing has led more than 5.5 million Venezuelans to leave their country in search of guaranteeing the right to health and life, access to basic services and job opportunities. Peru, with more than 1.57 million Venezuelan migrants, is the second country in Latin America with the most reception. This situation represents one of the largest migratory movements, comparable to that seen in war situations, such as in Syria or Afghanistan. From 2018 to date, changes have been observed in migratory dynamics, which could result in the modification of the conditions faced by migrants, and have an impact on their access to basic services.

Faced with this situation, different government bodies and some NGOs have created different channels to offer support to Venezuelan migrants in Peru. Despite the commitment and effort of the Peruvian government to support the refugee and migrant population, 91.5% of the Venezuelan population residing in the country does not have health insurance.[ 1] Many of them do not have the necessary legal and economic means to access these services and not having legal identification in the country, they do not have the national health insurance or Comprehensive Health Insurance (SIS).

The number of Venezuelan migrants living with HIV and residing in Peru has been increasing. In 2021, according to USAID figures through the LHSS (Sustainability of Local Health Systems Project) project, more than 8,000 migrants living with HIV were estimated, of which less than 50% received antiretroviral treatment. Worrying is the large percentage of migrants who stopped receiving treatment when leaving their country or during their journey to Peru, and who have encountered significant barriers to access to comprehensive HIV services during their stay.

National regulations ensure universal access to antiretroviral treatment to all people with HIV in the national territory, regardless of the country of origin, but research carried out by cooperation agencies reports that only 2% of migrants with HIV have Comprehensive Health Insurance (SIS) and that 23% of them arrive with or develop advanced stages of HIV or AIDS.

This document reports a prevalence of HIV of 1.01% in the Venezuelan migrant population in Lima/Callao and Trujillo, which is higher than the prevalence of 0.4% in the Peruvian adult population (15-49 years) [UNAIDS] and the prevalence of 0.5% in the adult population in Venezuela (15-49 years) [UNAIDS]. As in Peru, the HIV epidemic in the Venezuelan migrant population is concentrated in key population (gay men and men who have sex with other men-MSM, transgender women-MT, sex workers-TS and intravenous drug users), as well as in the young population. However, higher prevalence of HIV was found in the MSM population of Venezuelan migrants (15.6%) than the Peruvian MSM population (10%) [UNAIDS] and higher prevalence in Venezuelan male STs (43.39%) than Peruvians (3%) [10].

The findings of the cascade of the care continuum of migrants with confirmed HIV diagnosis that showed low levels of treatment initiation, continuation of care and virological suppression are worrying: 25% had started antiretroviral treatment, 20.6% reported receiving HIV care at the time of the study and 38.8% were on virological suppression. Virological suppression was higher among those with old diagnosis (85.7%) than in those with new diagnosis (17.4%). Figures well below the 95-95-95 targets of the Global AIDS Strategy 2021-2026.

The migrant population with HIV has multiple basic needs, and confronts different forms of discrimination based on their origin (xenophobia), gender expression and identity (transphobia), sexual diversity (homophobia or lesbophobia), age, or living with HIV (serophobia), which, when superimposed, determine an intersectional discrimination that, together with other social determinants, are barriers to access to health services, decent work, food and housing, and also present great difficulties in regularizing their migratory status and accessing a foreign identity card that would enable them to process the SIS. The main difficulties faced by the Venezuelan migrant population are financial (52.6%), food (21.6%) and housing (17.3%).

70.7% of migrants participating in this study report having had an experience of stigma or discrimination. With regard to the experiences of violence in the last 12 months during their stay in Peru, a total of 45.5% reported psychological violence, 47.7% physical violence, 48.7% reported having suffered forced sex and 44.2% reported having been sexually exploited in exchange for resources.

It is necessary to address these barriers through responses focused on and directed by the affected communities such as expanding the supply of diagnostic services and combined HIV prevention in the primary health care sector, which includes pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and self-testing in health services free of discrimination and with a gender equality approach.

The findings of this report provide solid evidence on the vulnerability factors and social and health determinants of the Venezuelan migrant community in Peru. It portrays the health situation of migrants in general and migrants living with HIV and identifies gaps in access to education, work, health, justice and equality for all. It is a resource for the generation of focused and differentiated policies for combined prevention, early diagnosis and timely treatment of HIV, the elimination of discrimination, the efficiency of investments in HIV, and the strengthening of other programs aimed at social welfare, food security and the elimination of poverty.

From UNAIDS we welcome the findings of this work that describes the HIV epidemic in this population in two of the Peruvian regions with the largest number of migrants and provides government decision-makers with the necessary evidence to sustain inclusive public policies aimed at eliminating the barriers to access to services, generated by the inequalities faced by the migrant population, with HIV and belonging to the key populations in Peru.

Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) – Equipo Peru

[1] [Proposal for Increasing Health Care Coverage for Venezuelan Refugees and Migrants Living with HIV. Update in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. PAHO/UNAIDS/CDE/COVID-19/21-0013 © PAHO/WHO and UNAIDS, 2021].
[10] Degtyar A, George PE, Mallma P, Diaz DA, Cárcamo C, Garcia PJ, Gorbach PM, Bayer AM. Sexual Risk, Behavior, and HIV Testing and Status among Male and Transgender Women Sex Workers and their Clients in Lima, Peru. Int J Sex Health. 2018;30(1):81-91. doi: 10.1080/19317611.2018.1429514. Epub 2018 Mar 27. PMID: 30224942; PMCID: PMC6138045.

The report in Spanish can be downloaded here: https://peru.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl951/files/documents/2024-01/oimreportefinal_es.pdf


Encuesta Bioconductual (BBS) en Migrantes Venezolanos que viven en Lima/Callao y Trujillo – Reporte final

La persistente y grave crisis económica y social que vive Venezuela ha llevado a más de 5.5 millones de venezolanos a abandonar su país en búsqueda de garantía al derecho a la salud y a la vida, acceso a servicios básicos y oportunidades laborales. Perú, con más de 1.57 millones de migrantes venezolanos, es el segundo país de Latinoamérica con mayor acogida. Esta situación representa uno de los mayores movimientos migratorios, comparable con el visto en situaciones de guerra, como en Siria o Afganistán. De 2018 a la fecha, se han observado cambios en la dinámica migratoria, que podrían traducirse en la modificación de las condiciones que afrontan los migrantes, y repercutir en su acceso a servicios básicos.

Ante esta situación, diferentes instancias gubernamentales y algunas ONG han creado distintos canales para ofrecer apoyo a los migrantes venezolanos en el Perú. A pesar del compromiso y el esfuerzo del gobierno peruano en apoyar a la población refugiada y migrante, el 91,5 % de la población venezolana residente en el país no cuenta con seguro de salud.[1] Muchos de ellos no cuentan con los medios legales y económicos necesarios para acceder a estos servicios y al no disponer de identificación legal en el país, no les corresponde el seguro nacional de salud o Seguro Integral de Salud (SIS).

El número de migrantes venezolanos que viven con VIH y reside en el Perú ha ido en aumento. En el 2021, según cifras de USAID a través del proyecto LHSS (Proyecto de Sostenibilidad de los Sistemas Locales de Salud) se estimaron más de 8,000 migrantes viviendo con VIH, de los cuales menos del 50% recibían tratamiento antirretroviral. Es preocupante el gran porcentaje de migrantes que dejaron de recibir el tratamiento al abandonar su país o durante su trayecto al Perú, y que han encontrado importantes barreras para el acceso a los servicios integrales de VIH durante su estancia.

La normativa nacional asegura acceso universal al tratamiento antirretroviral a toda persona con VIH en el territorio nacional, independientemente al país de origen, pero investigaciones realizadas por las agencias de cooperación informan que solo el 2% de los migrantes con VIH disponen de Seguro Integral de Salud (SIS) y que el 23% de ellos llegan con o desarrollan etapas avanzadas de VIH o SIDA.

El presente documento reporta una prevalencia del VIH de 1.01% en la población migrante venezolana en Lima/Callao y Trujillo, la cual es más alta que la prevalencia de 0.4% en población adulta peruana (15-49 años) [ONUSIDA] y que la prevalencia de 0.5% en la población adulta en Venezuela (15-49 años) [ONUSIDA]. Al igual que Perú, la epidemia de VIH en la población venezolana migrante está concentrada en población clave (hombres gay y hombres que tienen sexo con otros hombres-HSH, las mujeres transgénero-MT, las trabajadoras sexuales-TS y usuarios de drogas intravenoso), así como en población joven. Sin embargo se encontró mayor prevalencia de VIH en la población HSH de migrantes venezolanos (15.6%) que la población HSH peruana (10%) [ONUSIDA] y mayor prevalencia en TS masculinos venezolanos (43.39%) que peruanos (3%) [10].

Son preocupantes los hallazgos de la cascada del continuo de atención de las personas migrantes con diagnóstico de VIH confirmado que mostro niveles bajos de inicio de tratamiento, continuación de cuidado y de supresión virológica: 25% había iniciado tratamiento antirretroviral, 20.6% reportó encontrarse recibiendo atención en VIH al momento del estudio y el 38.8% se encontraba en supresión virológica. La supresión virológica fue mayor entre aquellos con diagnóstico antiguo (85.7%) que en aquellos con diagnóstico nuevo (17.4%). Cifras muy por debajo de las metas 95-95-95 de la Estrategia Global de Sida 2021-2026.

La población migrante con VIH presenta múltiples necesidades básicas, y confronta distintas formas de discriminación por su origen (xenofobia), expresión e identidad de género (transfobia), diversidad sexual (homofobia o lesbofobia), edad, o vivir con el VIH (serofobia), que al superponerse determinan una discriminación interseccional que junto con otras determinantes sociales, son barreras de acceso a servicios de salud, al trabajo digno, a alimentación y vivienda, y presentan además, grandes dificultades para regularizar su estatus migratorio y acceder a un carnet de extranjería que les habilitaría a tramitar el SIS. Las principales dificultades a las que se enfrenta la población migrante venezolana son financieras (52.6%), de alimentación (21.6%) y de vivienda (17.3%).

El 70.7% de los migrantes participantes en este estudio refiere haber tenido una experiencia de estigma o discriminación. Con respecto a las experiencias de violencia en los últimos 12 meses durante su estadía en el Perú, un total de 45.5% reportó violencia de tipo psicológica, 47.7% violencia física, 48.7% reportó haber sufrido sexo forzado y 44.2% reportó haber sido explotado sexualmente a cambio de recursos.

Es necesario abordar estas barreras a través de respuestas enfocadas en y dirigidas por las comunidades afectadas como son ampliar la oferta de servicios de diagnóstico y la prevención combinada del VIH en el sector primario de atención a la salud, que incluya la profilaxis preexposición (PrEP) y el auto testeo en servicios de salud libres de discriminación y con enfoque de igualdad de género.

Los hallazgos de este informe aportan evidencia sólida sobre los factores de vulnerabilidad y determinantes sociales y de salud de la comunidad migrante venezolana en el Perú. Retrata la situación de salud de las personas migrantes en general y de los migrantes viviendo con VIH e identifica brechas en el acceso a educación, trabajo, salud, justicia e igualdad para todos. Es un recurso para la generación de políticas enfocadas y diferenciadas de prevención combinada, diagnóstico temprano y tratamiento oportuno del VIH, la eliminación de la discriminación, la eficiencia de las inversiones en VIH, y el fortalecimiento de otros programas que apunten al bienestar social, la seguridad alimentaria y la eliminación de la pobreza.

Desde ONUSIDA saludamos los hallazgos de este trabajo que describe la epidemia del VIH en esta población en dos de las regiones peruanas con mayor número de migrantes y brinda a los tomadores de decisión del gobierno, la evidencia necesaria para el sustento de políticas públicas inclusivas y orientadas a la eliminación de las barreras al acceso a servicios, generadas por las desigualdades que enfrenta la población migrante, con VIH y pertenecientes a las poblaciones clave en el Peru.

Programa Conjunto de las Naciones Unidas sobre el VIH/SIDA (ONUSIDA) – Equipo Perú

[1] [Proposal for Increasing Health Care Coverage for Venezuelan Refugees and Migrants Living with HIV. Update in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. PAHO/UNAIDS/CDE/COVID-19/21-0013 © PAHO/WHO and UNAIDS, 2021].
[10] Degtyar A, George PE, Mallma P, Diaz DA, Cárcamo C, Garcia PJ, Gorbach PM, Bayer AM. Sexual Risk, Behavior, and HIV Testing and Status among Male and Transgender Women Sex Workers and their Clients in Lima, Peru. Int J Sex Health. 2018;30(1):81-91. doi: 10.1080/19317611.2018.1429514. Epub 2018 Mar 27. PMID: 30224942; PMCID: PMC6138045.

https://peru.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl951/files/documents/2024-01/oimreportefinal_es.pdf

Russia: Laws that restrict migrants with HIV and deny them medical care increases the burden on the health care system

Legal barriers to migrants with HIV are not working

Automated translation via Deepl.com. For original article in Russian, please scroll down.

Laws that restrict the stay of foreign nationals with HIV, as well as the denial of free medical care, may be one of the causes of a hidden epidemic, writes the EECA Regional Platform.

The Regional Expert Group on Migrant Health conducted research in two EECA countries, Armenia and Uzbekistan. The aim was to identify the legal barriers to HIV faced by citizens of the countries who have returned from migration.

Challenges for migrants with HIV

Social isolation and stigmatization, lack of permanent relationships, language barriers, unstable material resources, and limited access to health care services are the main challenges faced by labour migrants with HIV.

Inability to obtain a legal patent because of HIV infection leads to administrative offences:

  • Among migrants: illegal labour activities, commercial sex services
    Among the citizens of host countries: illegal sale of patents and HIV certificates etc.

The problem with getting ARV treatment leads to resistance and a general deterioration of the health of migrants living with HIV. This ultimately increases the burden on the health care system: patients’ opportunistic infections need to be intensified, ART regimens need to be changed, etc. Moreover, returning migrants contribute to the spread of HIV in their home countries.

Currently, the Russian Federation, which receives the largest number of migrants from the EECA region, is one of 19 countries that restrict the stay of foreign nationals with HIV. People living with HIV entering Russia specify visiting relatives, tourism/travel or medical treatment as the purpose, rather than employment.

At the end of 2021, a law came into force in the Russian Federation which requires foreign nationals to be tested for HIV, banned substances and dangerous infectious diseases every 3 months. But foreign business associations, as well as the media, have reacted quite sharply to the Russian law. The business community sent a letter to the Russian Government asking it to simplify the rules and not to subject highly qualified specialists to testing.


Законодательные барьеры для мигрантов с ВИЧ не работают

Законы, которые ограничивают пребывание в стране иностранных граждан с ВИЧ, а также отказ в бесплатной медицинской помощи, могут быть одной из причин скрытой эпидемии, пишет Региональная Платформа ВЕЦА.

Региональная экспертная группа по здоровью мигрантов провела исследование в двух странах ВЕЦА — Армении и Узбекистане. Целью было определить правовые барьеры в связи с ВИЧ, с которыми сталкиваются граждане стран, вернувшиеся из миграции.

Проблемы мигрантов с ВИЧ

Социальная изоляция и стигматизация, отсутствие постоянных отношений, языковой барьер, нестабильный материальный уровень, ограниченный доступ к медицинским услугам — основные проблемы, с которыми сталкиваются трудовые мигранты с ВИЧ.

Невозможность получения легального патента из-за наличия ВИЧ-инфекции ведет к административным правонарушениям:

  • среди мигрантов: незаконная трудовая деятельность, коммерческие секс-услуги;
    среди граждан принимающей страны: нелегальная продажа патентов и сертификатов об отсутствии ВИЧ-инфекции и т.д.

Проблема с получением АРВ-терапии приводит к резистентности и общему ухудшению здоровья мигрантов, живущих с ВИЧ. Это в конечном итоге повышает нагрузку на систему здравоохранения: необходимо усиливать лечение оппортунистических инфекций пациентов, менять схему АРВТ и т.д. Более того, вернувшиеся домой мигранты способствуют распространению ВИЧ в своих странах.

В настоящее время Российская Федерация, принимающая наибольшее количество мигрантов из региона ВЕЦА, является одной из 19 стран, которые ограничивают пребывание иностранных граждан с ВИЧ. Люди, живущие с ВИЧ, въезжая в Россию, указывают в качестве цели не трудоустройство, а посещение родственников, туризм/путешествие или лечение.

В конце 2021 года в РФ вступил в силу закон, согласно которому иностранные граждане обязаны каждые 3 месяца сдавать анализ на ВИЧ, запрещенные вещества и опасные инфекционные заболевания. Но зарубежные бизнес-ассоциации, а также СМИ достаточно остро отреагировали на российский закон. Бизнес-сообщество направило письмо в Правительство РФ с просьбой упростить правила и не подвергать проверке высококвалифицированных специалистов.

Russia: The deportation of people living with HIV is outdated, bad for public health and economically ineffective

“He sees his children only by video link.” How the law to deport migrants with HIV turns foreigners into illegal immigrants and destroys families

Automatic Google translation, for original article in Russian, please scroll down.

Author: Ekaterina Ivaschenko

Russia is one of 19 countries in the world where HIV is the basis for deportation. In practice, when migrants find out about their positive status, they do not leave, but turn into illegal immigrants and are afraid to seek treatment. Those who report themselves can be expelled even if they have a family in Russia – although this has been banned since 2015.

We will tell you why the law on deportation harms not only the migrants themselves, but also the economy of Russia, as well as the health of all its inhabitants, regardless of citizenship.

Sardor is 24 years old. He came to work in Russia from Kyrgyzstan nine years ago, at the age of 15. His mother was the first to leave for Russia – after her husband and her three children were abandoned. Sardor did not get along with his father and stepmother, so after the eighth grade he came to his mother. The teenager was sent by bus through Kazakhstan, leaving the driver with a power of attorney.

“I dreamed of getting a good education, becoming a doctor, but in the end, when I came to Russia, I did not speak a word of Russian,” Sardor says. Until the age of 16, he worked at a brick factory in a village near Novosibirsk, then returned to his homeland, received a passport and returned to Russia.

Three years ago, Sardor moved to Moscow, where he worked in various fields, from a janitor to a cook. He found out about his HIV status last year when he got seriously ill in winter and was tested. A specialised NGO (nongovernmental organisation) helps him to receive antiretroviral therapy. The young man does not want to return to his homeland: he says that there is discrimination against HIV-infected people. He also does not tell his relatives about his status.

How deportation law turns migrants into illegal immigrants

For years, specialised NGOs and human rights activists have been fighting for the right of people like Sardor to live in Russia without the threat of deportation. But Russia remains one of 19 countries in the world from which HIV-positive foreigners are expelled . These restrictions are spelled out in the law “On Preventing the Spread of Disease Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the Russian Federation”, adopted back in 1995 .

If a person takes an HIV test officially: for example, to obtain a patent or apply for citizenship, his data goes to Rospotrebnadzor, which makes a decision on the undesirability of a foreigner’s stay in Russia and sends the document to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Since in such cases people have to leave the country on their own, they often remain in Russia illegally. Those who know about this norm in advance take the test anonymously. In case of a positive result, they can cross the border to receive treatment at home, but do not draw up documents.

The coordinator for academic relations of the Regional Expert Group on the Health of Migrants Daniil Kashnitsky explains that in practice the rule on the deportation of HIV-infected foreigners does not work, because deportation itself is expensive even for Russia, the richest state in the region: “After Rospotrebnadzor decides on Deportation of a person is sent to the Ministry of Internal Affairs for execution, but it is impossible to find a person, because he often does not live at the place of registration, plus the deportation itself costs money, to which is added the cost of keeping people in TsVSIGs . And people with HIV-positive status, realising that, for example, they cannot get a patent for work and it is better not to leave the country, because they will never be able to return, they go into illegality. ”

The hidden HIV epidemic: statistics and causes

In 2021, the Financial Research Institute of the Ministry of Finance of Russia published a socio-economic study of state policy on HIV , which also mentions migrants.

The document says that “one of the components of the problem of high levels of HIV incidence among the population of Russia may be the growing scale of the latent epidemic, formed mostly by migrants from Moldova, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine. status”.

“As of 2018, foreign citizens accounted for only 2.1% of new cases of HIV infection, but the Ministry of Internal Affairs data on the number of illegal migrants does not allow us to say that official statistics reflect the true picture of the incidence and prevalence of HIV infection among foreign citizens, “the study says.

The authors of the document say directly that the underlying epidemic is based on the current legal status of HIV-infected migrants: “Under the conditions of Russian legislation, which imposes restrictions on entry and stay on the territory of the country for HIV-infected people, foreign citizens are forced to hide their status, which is a significant threat for the development of a latent epidemic “.

“I read this report, and I was confused by this quote,” says Daniil Kashnitsky, explaining that he means the authors of the report assertion that “one of the components of the problem of high levels of HIV incidence among the Russian population may be the growing scale of a hidden epidemic formed mostly by migrants from Moldova, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine “.

“It is wrong to say that migrants are contributing to the epidemic. If migration is well organised, then this is an extremely positive process from all sides. Not migration is a risk factor, but the circumstances in which migrants find themselves and the laws that are in force in the receiving country, in our case, in Russia, “emphasises Kashnitsky.

The available figures for migrants are really low, especially in comparison with the general data for Russia, where 1.2% of the adult population is infected with HIV . According to Rospotrebnadzor, 2.5 million foreigners were tested for HIV in Russia in 2017. Among the citizens of the neighbouring countries, 32,885 HIV cases were detected, 70% of the detected infected were from Ukraine, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. “In 2014-2015, 4000-4500 new cases of HIV infection were detected among foreign citizens, mainly from Ukraine, who traveled to Russia en masse. Now about 3500 cases are detected a year. But there are more migrants with HIV, because some of them are tested anonymously, and some avoid testing, knowing that they are infected, “the representative of Rospotrebnadzor said at the time.

An interesting situation is with Turkmenistan, which officially reported two cases of HIV infection in the country. At the same time, on the territory of Russia in 2017, Rospotrebnadzor recorded 136 cases of HIV infection among citizens of this country, although the flow of migrants from there is small.

A separate situation for the citizens of Kyrgyzstan. The fact is that the country is a member of the EAEU, therefore, unlike Uzbeks and Tajiks, its citizens do not receive a patent for which they need to take an HIV test.

Helping people with HIV is cheaper than treating AIDS. Who does it

The fact that foreigners with HIV remain in Russia is evidenced, for example, by the data of the Patient Control movement : “In 2020, thanks to the donations provided and the joint efforts of HIV activists, 449 people from 19 countries received ARVs on the territory of Russia, of them: Tajikistan – 88, Kyrgyzstan – 67, Uzbekistan – 33, Kazakhstan – 20 and Turkmenistan – 2 “.

Kirill Barskiy, program coordinator of the Steps Foundation, one of the few Russian nongovernmental organisations that helps HIV-positive migrants, says that foreigners have been turning to them for help since the foundation was founded in 2004. In 2020 alone, more than 2,000 people. People who contacted the fund wanted to anonymously take a test for HIV, hepatitis and even coronavirus, get advice on their health, and also sought help in finding therapy.

36-year-old Kemal is one of those who “Steps” literally helped to get back on their feet. Kemal ended up in Russia 10 years ago. I came from Turkmenistan to earn money under the pretext of studying – otherwise it was impossible to get here because of the visa regime between the countries. The young man really studied at the university, and at night he worked as a loader, cook, waiter to pay for his studies.

Kemal learned about his HIV status in 2014, when he updated his medical book and passed an HIV test. “I didn’t immediately understand what it was: they didn’t give me a medical book, well, okay. 2,000 rubles in cash, “says Kemal.

The man got worse every month. He dropped out of school but continued to work. At some point, it became very bad, and he went to the hospital. “As I later found out, HIV had already spilled over into AIDS and I had Kaposi’s sarcoma,” says Kemal. Thanks to the work of the foundation’s staff, he was able to recover and start taking antiretroviral drugs.

“Now I work in those jobs where a medical book and a contract are not needed. Every day I take therapy. It costs 10 thousand rubles a month – a significant amount for an illegal migrant. But I have HIV, with which I can live in Moscow, but in Turkmenistan is not, because they deny the presence of HIV-infected, “- explains the man.

The abolition of the deportation rule is beneficial even economically, says Daniil Kashnitsky: it will enable migrants to take therapy on time, and HIV will not turn into AIDS, which develops serious and costly diseases.

“When life is threatened, a person is subject to emergency treatment, which is provided to everyone in Russia free of charge. According to our data, inpatient treatment of a person with HIV-associated diseases will cost Russia three times more than if he buys the therapy himself or receives it for AIDS. -the center of his state, – explains the expert. – The principle itself is important here: a person takes therapy – and in three months his viral load drops to zero. He will not transmit HIV through unprotected sex, he can give birth to healthy children, work and pay taxes. not being treated, he develops one of the concomitant diseases – and the cost of treatment, already from the Russian budget, will be at least three times more expensive than a year’s course of therapy. ”

Kirill Barskiy, the coordinator of the Steps Foundation, emphasises that the authorities’ attempt to control does not work with any disease: “People will still hide. Do not forget that HIV infection has a window period of six months when the virus is not detected. that the authorities have to wait six months for a second test, at the same time prohibiting the migrant from any contacts. But this is impossible. Therefore, mechanisms are needed to control the process of treatment of foreigners. In fact, no one knows the real statistics of HIV-positive migrants in Russia. Accordingly, we do not know how many are taking treatment and controlling the disease, and how many are not. If a person is not expelled, he will not hide, and this will make it possible to build a system for monitoring his disease and preventing its spread. ”

Deportation of relatives with HIV: banned since 2015, but ongoing

NGOs and the community have long been fighting for the complete abolition of the deportation rule, says Daniil Kashnitsky. The first letter with such an initiative was sent to the government in May 2018, then they turned to relevant government agencies.

“We have received replies to all our letters, but these are polite enumerations of the norms of Russian legislation concerning foreigners with HIV. The letters invariably mention the norm that foreigners with HIV, whose relatives are Russian citizens, may remain in Russia. In practice, only a few have managed to achieve this. , therefore, the norm must be abolished entirely, because it is bad for migrants, for Russia and its budget. There is not a single plus in maintaining this norm, “Kashnitsky is sure.

The ruling of the Constitutional Court that if an HIV-positive foreigner has a spouse, children or parents who are Russian citizens, then he cannot be expelled from the country, was adopted in 2015. However, in reality, lawyers have been fighting for years for the rights of HIV-infected foreigners to live with their families in Russia.

Alisher, originally from Andijan, came to Russia in 2013 after his parents. His father already has Russian citizenship. At first, the man lived with his parents in one of the regions, and then moved to Moscow, where he met a Russian woman.

In 2015, they had a daughter with Alisher, and in 2016, a son. The marriage was not registered, but Alisher is listed as a father in the birth certificates of the children. In 2017, the man decided to apply for a temporary residence permit in Russia (RVP) for marriage. To do this, it was required to pass an HIV test, which turned out to be positive.

The man did not know that the entrance to the country was closed for HIV-positive migrants, and after another flight to his homeland, he was not allowed to enter Russia. It was in the spring of 2018. The wife appealed against the decision of Rospotrebnadzor in the district court of Khabarovsk, at the place of permanent registration of Alisher. But in December 2019, the judge left the decision of the migration authorities unchanged.

“I have been in charge of this case for several years,” says Olga Belousova, a lawyer who assists migrants in similar situations. “Now his wife has hired a lawyer who represents Alisher’s interests in Russian courts. …

Such cases last at least a year, notes Olga Belousova. And there are times when the deportation rule leads to sad consequences. The lawyer tells how she handled the case of an HIV-infected girl from Ukraine, who in Russia received a residence permit on her father’s side. At the stage of taking the tests, the girl was diagnosed with HIV, issued a document obliging her to leave Russia, and put a lifelong entry ban. In 2019 she returned to Ukraine.

“The girl had the right to be in Russia. She contacted us, we completed all the documents on time, but at the trial we were told that we were late and did not cancel the decision of Rospotrebnadzor. Against the background of this news, her father had a heart attack, and in August He died in 2019. My applicant was unable to bury him or visit her relatives, “Olga Belousova said.

But there are stories with happy endings. Now a lawyer is working on the case of a woman from Kazakhstan who, together with her husband and two children, applied for citizenship under the resettlement program.

“They were refused because the woman was diagnosed with HIV. She decided to divorce in order to give her husband and children an opportunity to obtain citizenship. She lived in Kazakhstan for a year and did not see her children, did not take part in their upbringing. After the husband and children received citizenship, the family decided to recover. We submitted a request to Rospotrebnadzor to find out about the woman’s position, and we received an answer that she was not on the lists of those who were denied entry to Russia, since during the pandemic the adoption of such decisions was suspended. She has Russian relatives, and the family will finally be reunited. ”

Why the deportation norm is not only outdated, but also economically unprofitable for Russia

The coordinator of the Regional Expert Group on the Health of Migrants Daniil Kashnitsky emphasises that the law on HIV adopted in 1995 was long out of date: “Then the deportation rule was prescribed, because there was no effective treatment for either foreigners or Russians, and people with HIV were quickly dying. Thanks to modern drugs, which, moreover, become cheaper every year, treating people is much more profitable than driving them out of the country. ”

Kirill Barsky from the Steps Foundation says that during negotiations with the community, the authorities operate with the fact that “foreigners are spreading the infection”, although no one can verify and prove this.

“However, the main counterargument comes not from the deputies, but from the economic departments, which believe that they will have to pay for the treatment of foreigners from the state budget,” says Barsky. for a start, it was possible to carry out surveillance of a real disease. And for this it is necessary to remove protective measures so that people are not afraid to go to hospitals. ”

“It is impossible to talk about building a system of assistance to HIV-positive foreigners at the expense of the countries of origin of migrants or the Global Fund, as long as there is a rule on deportation,” continues Kirill Barsky. “People are afraid to seek help. In principle, they do not want to talk to doctors, fearing, that at any moment they will be put in the CVDIG and sent home.Migrants are in a situation where they understand that they need help, and often they can pay for therapy themselves, but cannot tell about it, because they understand what the consequences could be. Often, even the citizens of the EAEU countries, who do not need to take an HIV test to obtain a patent, live well here and receive therapy from their homeland, but they are still afraid to get to the clinic, because they are at risk of being deported. ”

Daniil Kashnitsky, who works with representatives of AIDS centers in the countries of origin of migrants, notes that Russia should not be afraid that if the deportation rule is canceled, the costs of treating foreigners will fall on its budget: “Employees of AIDS centers in Central Asian countries are not only ready to share therapy, they They are already doing this. They send therapy to their migrants, regardless of their status of residence in Russia. For example, during the closed borders, Kyrgyzstan gave therapy to his hands for up to a year. so he knows what’s going on with his patient. ”

Kirill Barskiy confirms that the countries of origin (NGOs contacted the Ministry of Health of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova and other states) answered that they were ready to treat their citizens. Kyrgyzstan gave a detailed answer that it is ready to discuss these initiatives between the countries and, if necessary, to adopt appropriate changes to the legislation.

“In order for Russian officials to change their minds about HIV among foreigners, our experts are preparing an economic argument that the benefits of removing barriers are much higher than their existence. All civilised countries have removed barriers, and the countries of North America and Europe are even treating at their own expense foreigners, because they understand how it is economically beneficial for them. We are not opposing the state, but we are promoting a scientific justification for the need to revise the deportation rule, “Kirill Barsky concludes.


Екатерина Иващенко

“Видит своих детей только по видеосвязи”. Как закон о депортации мигрантов с ВИЧ превращает иностранцев в нелегалов и разрушает семьи

Россия – одна из 19 стран в мире, где ВИЧ – основание для депортации. На практике мигранты, узнавая о своем положительном статусе, не уезжают, а превращаются в нелегалов и боятся обращаться за лечением. Те, кто сообщает о себе, могут быть высланы, даже если в России у них есть семья, – хотя с 2015 года это запрещено.

Рассказываем, почему закон о депортации вредит не только самим мигрантам, но и экономике России, а также здоровью всех ее жителей, независимо от гражданства.

Сардору 24 года. Он приехал на заработки в Россию из Кыргызстана девять лет назад, 15-летним. Первой в Россию уехала его мать – после того как ее и троих детей бросил супруг. Сардор не ужился с отцом и мачехой, поэтому после восьмого класса приехал к матери. Подростка отправили автобусом через Казахстан, оставив водителю доверенность.

“Я мечтал получить хорошее образование, стать врачом, а в итоге, когда приехал в Россию, ни слова не говорил по-русски”, – говорит Сардор. До 16 лет он работал на кирпичном заводе в деревне под Новосибирском, потом вернулся на родину, получил паспорт и снова приехал в Россию.

Три года назад Сардор перебрался в Москву, где работал в самых разных сферах, начиная от дворника и заканчивая поваром. Про свой ВИЧ-статус он узнал в прошлом году, когда серьезно заболел зимой и сдавал анализы. Получать антиретровирусную терапию ему помогает профильная НПО (неправительственная организация). Возвращаться на родину молодой человек не хочет: говорит, что там по отношению к ВИЧ-инфицированным существует дискриминация. Родственникам о своем статусе он тоже не говорит.

Как закон о депортации превращает мигрантов в нелегалов

Профильные НПО и правозащитники годами бьются за право таких, как Сардор, жить в России без угрозы депортации. Но Россия остается одной из 19 стран мира, откуда выдворяют ВИЧ-положительных иностранцев. Эти ограничения прописаны в принятом еще в 1995 году законе “О предупреждении распространения в Российской Федерации заболевания, вызываемого вирусом иммунодефицита человека”.

Если человек сдает тест на ВИЧ официально: например, для получения патента или оформления документов на гражданство, – его данные попадают в Роспотребнадзор, который выносит решение о нежелательности пребывания иностранца на территории России и отправляет документ в МВД. Так как в таких случаях люди должны самостоятельно покинуть страну, они чаще всего остаются в России нелегально. Те, кто знает об этой норме заранее, сдают тест анонимно. В случае положительного результата они могут пересекать границу, чтобы получать лечение на родине, но не оформляют документы.

Координатор по академическим связям Региональной экспертной группы по здоровью мигрантов Даниил Кашницкий объясняет, что на практике норма о депортации ВИЧ-инфицированных иностранцев не работает, потому что сама депортация дорога даже для России – самого богатого государства в регионе: “После того как Роспотребнадзор принимает решение о выдворении человека, оно отправляется на выполнение в МВД. Но человека невозможно найти, потому что он чаще всего проживает не по месту регистрации, плюс сама депортация стоит денег, к которой добавляется стоимость содержания людей в ЦВСИГах. То есть из России их насильно не выдворяют. А люди с ВИЧ-положительным статусом, понимая, что им, например, не получить патент для работы и лучше не покидать страну, потому что они никогда не смогут вернуться, уходят в нелегальность”.

Скрытая эпидемия ВИЧ: статистика и причины

В 2021 году Научно-исследовательский финансовый институт Минфина России обнародовал социально-экономическое исследование государственной политики борьбы с ВИЧ, в котором в том числе упоминаются мигранты.

В документе сказано, что “одной из составляющих проблемы высоких уровней заболеваемости населения России ВИЧ-инфекцией могут являться растущие масштабы скрытой эпидемии, формируемой по большей части мигрантами из Молдовы, Таджикистана, Узбекистана, Украины. В условиях действующего законодательства представители подобной группы населения вынуждены скрывать свой статус”.

“По данным на 2018 год, на долю иностранных граждан приходилось только 2,1% новых случаев выявления ВИЧ-инфекции, но данные МВД по количеству нелегальных мигрантов не позволяют говорить о том, что официальная статистика отражает истинную картину заболеваемости и распространенности ВИЧ-инфекции среди иностранных граждан”, – говорится в исследовании.

Авторы документа прямо говорят, что в основе скрытой эпидемии лежит текущее правовое положение ВИЧ-инфицированных мигрантов: “В условиях российского законодательства, предполагающего ограничение на въезд и пребывание на территории страны для инфицированных ВИЧ, иностранные граждане вынуждены скрывать свой статус, что представляет собой существенную угрозу для развития скрытой эпидемии”.

“Я читал этот доклад, и меня смутила эта цитата”, – говорит Даниил Кашницкий, объясняя, что имеет в виду утверждение авторов доклада о том, что “одной из составляющих проблемы высоких уровней заболеваемости населения России ВИЧ-инфекцией могут являться растущие масштабы скрытой эпидемии, формируемой по большей части мигрантами из Молдовы, Таджикистана, Узбекистана, Украины”.

“Говорить, что мигранты вносят вклад в эпидемию, неправильно. Если миграция хорошо организована, то это со всех сторон исключительно положительный процесс. Не миграция фактор риска, а те обстоятельства, в которые попадают мигранты, и те законы, которые действуют в стране приема, в нашем случае в России”, – подчеркивает Кашницкий.

Имеющиеся цифры по мигрантам действительно невысокие, особенно в сравнении с общими данными по России, 1,2% взрослого населения которой инфицировано ВИЧ. По информации Роспотребнадзора, в 2017 году в России на ВИЧ было протестировано 2,5 миллиона иностранцев. Среди граждан стран ближнего зарубежья выявлено 32 885 случаев ВИЧ, 70% выявленных инфицированных – из Украины, Узбекистана и Таджикистана. “В 2014-2015 годы выявлялось по 4000-4500 новых случае ВИЧ-инфекции среди иностранных граждан, преимущественно Украины, которые массово ехали в Россию. Сейчас выявляется порядка 3500 случаев в год. Но мигрантов с ВИЧ больше, потому что часть из них сдает анализы анонимно, а часть избегает тестирования, зная, что они инфицированы”, – говорил тогда представитель Роспотребнадзора.

Интересна ситуация с Туркменистаном, который официально докладывал о двух случаях ВИЧ-инфекции на территории страны. При этом на территории России в 2017 году Роспотребнадзор зафиксировал 136 случаев ВИЧ-инфекции среди граждан этой страны, хотя поток мигрантов оттуда небольшой.

Отдельное положение у граждан Кыргызстана. Дело в том, что страна входит в ЕАЭС, поэтому, в отличие от узбекистанцев и таджикистанцев, ее граждане не получают патент, для которого нужно сдавать тест на ВИЧ.

Помогать людям с ВИЧ дешевле, чем лечить от СПИДа. Кто это делает

О том, что иностранцы с ВИЧ остаются в России, свидетельствуют, например, данные движения “Пациентский контроль”: “В 2020 году благодаря предоставленным пожертвованиям и объединенному усилию ВИЧ-активистов помощь на территории России с АРВ-препаратами получили 449 человек из 19 стран, из них: Таджикистана – 88, Кыргызстана – 67, Узбекистана – 33, Казахстана – 20 и Туркменистана – 2”.

Кирилл Барский, координатор программ фонда “Шаги” – одной из немногих российских неправительственных организаций, которые помогают ВИЧ-положительным мигрантам, – рассказывает, что иностранцы обращаются к ним за помощью с момента основания фонда в 2004 году. Только в 2020 году – более 2000 человек. Обратившиеся в фонд люди хотели анонимно сдать тест на ВИЧ, гепатит и даже коронавирус, получить консультацию на тему своего здоровья, а также искали помощи в поиске терапии.

36-летний Кемаль – один из тех, кому “Шаги” буквально помогли встать на ноги. Кемаль оказался в России 10 лет назад. Приехал из Туркменистана на заработки под предлогом учебы – по-другому сюда было не попасть из-за визового режима между странами. Молодой человек действительно учился в вузе, а по ночам работал грузчиком, поваром, официантом, чтобы оплачивать обучение.

Про свой ВИЧ-статус Кемаль узнал в 2014 году, когда обновлял медкнижку и сдал тест на ВИЧ. “Я не сразу понял, что это такое: не дали медкнижку, ну и ладно. Но без нее с работы уволили, еще и последнюю зарплату не выплатили. Я устроился работать уборщиком в ночной клуб. Работал без договора, зато каждый день получал 1500-2000 рублей наличными”, – рассказывает Кемаль.

С каждым месяцем мужчине становилось хуже. Он бросил учебу, но продолжал работать. В какой-то момент стало совсем плохо, и он обратился в больницу. “Как я потом узнал, ВИЧ уже перетекал в СПИД и у меня началась саркома Капоши”, – говорит Кемаль. Благодаря работе сотрудников фонда ему удалось вылечиться и начать принимать антиретровирусные препараты.

“Сейчас я работаю на тех работах, где не нужна медкнижка и договор. Каждый день принимаю терапию. На нее уходит 10 тысяч рублей в месяц – существенная сумма для нелегального мигранта. Но у меня ВИЧ, с которым в Москве я могу жить, а в Туркменистане нет, потому что там отрицают наличие ВИЧ-инфицированных”, – объясняет мужчина.

Отмена нормы о депортации выгодна даже экономически, считает Даниил Кашницкий: она даст возможность мигрантам вовремя принимать терапию, и ВИЧ не перейдет в СПИД, при котором развиваются тяжелые и дорогостоящие заболевания.

“При угрозе жизни человек подпадает под лечение по экстренной помощи, которая в России оказывается всем бесплатно. Согласно нашим данным, России обойдется в три раза дороже стационарное лечение человека с ВИЧ-ассоциированными заболеваниями, чем если он будет сам покупать терапию или получать ее от СПИД-центра своего государства, – объясняет эксперт. – Тут важен сам принцип: человек принимает терапию – и за три месяца его вирусная нагрузка снижается до нуля. Он не передаст ВИЧ при незащищенном сексе, может рожать здоровых детей, работать и платить налоги. Либо человек не лечится, у него развивается одно из сопутствующих заболеваний – и расходы на лечение, уже из российского бюджета, будут как минимум в три раза дороже годового курса терапии”.

Координатор фонда “Шаги” Кирилл Барский подчеркивает, что попытка контроля со стороны властей не работает ни с каким заболеванием: “Люди все равно будут прятаться. Не стоит забывать, что у ВИЧ-инфекции есть период окна в полгода, когда вирус не выявляется. Получается, что власти должны ждать полгода повторного теста, параллельно запрещая мигранту любые контакты. Но это невозможно. Поэтому нужны механизмы, которые будут контролировать процесс лечения иностранцев. На самом деле никто не знает реальную статистику ВИЧ-позитивных мигрантов в России. Соответственно, мы не знаем, сколько принимает лечение и контролирует заболевание, а сколько – нет. Если человека не будут выдворять, то он не будет прятаться, и это даст возможность выстроить систему наблюдения за его заболеванием и предотвращением ее распространения”.

Депортация родственников с ВИЧ: запрещена с 2015-го, но продолжается

НПО и сообщество давно борются за полную отмену нормы о депортации, рассказывает Даниил Кашницкий. Первое письмо с такой инициативой отправили в правительство в мае 2018 года, затем обратились и в профильные госорганы.

“На все свои письма мы получили ответы, но это вежливые перечисления норм российского законодательства, касающиеся иностранцев с ВИЧ. Неизменно в письмах упоминают норму, что в России могут остаться иностранцы с ВИЧ, родственники которых – граждане России. На практике лишь единицам удалось этого добиться, поэтому норму надо отменять целиком, потому что это плохо для мигрантов, для России и ее бюджета. В сохранении этой нормы нет ни одного плюса”, – уверен Кашницкий.

Постановление Конституционного суда о том, что если у ВИЧ-положительного иностранца есть супруг, дети или родители – граждане России, то его нельзя выдворять из страны, принято в 2015 году. Однако в реальности юристы годами борются за права ВИЧ-инфицированных иностранцев жить со своей семьей в России.

Алишер родом из Андижана, в Россию приехал в 2013 году вслед за своими родителями. У его отца уже есть гражданство России. Первое время мужчина жил с родителями в одном из регионов, а потом переехал в Москву, где познакомился с россиянкой.

В 2015 году у них с Алишером родилась дочь, а в 2016-м – сын. Брак не был зарегистрирован, но в свидетельствах о рождении детей Алишер указан как отец. В 2017 году мужчина решил подать документы на получение разрешения на временное проживание в России (РВП) по браку. Для этого требовалось сдать анализ на ВИЧ, который оказался положительным.

Мужчина не знал, что для ВИЧ-положительных мигрантов закрывают въезд в страну, и после очередного полета на родину в Россию его не впустили. Это было весной 2018 года. Супруга обжаловала решение Роспотребнадзора в районном суде Хабаровска, по месту постоянной регистрации Алишера. Но в декабре 2019 года судья оставила решение миграционных властей без изменений.

“Я курирую это дело уже несколько лет, – говорит юрист Ольга Белоусова, которая оказывает помощь мигрантам, попавшим в подобные ситуации. – Сейчас его жена наняла адвоката, который представляет интересы Алишера в российских судах. А пока он видит своих детей только по видеосвязи”.

Такие дела длятся минимум год, отмечает Ольга Белоусова. И бывают случаи, когда норма о депортации приводит к печальным последствиям. Юрист рассказывает, как вела дело ВИЧ-инфицированной девушки из Украины, которая в России получала вид на жительство по отцу. На этапе сдачи анализов у девушки обнаружили ВИЧ, выдали документ, обязывающий покинуть Россию, и поставили пожизненный запрет на въезд. В 2019 году она вернулась в Украину.

“Девушка имела право находиться в России. Она связалась с нами, все документы мы оформили в срок, но на суде нам сказали, что мы опоздали, и не отменили решение Роспотребнадзора. На фоне этих новостей у ее отца случился сердечный приступ, и в августе 2019 года он скончался. Моя заявительница не смогла ни похоронить его, ни приехать к родственникам”, – рассказала Ольга Белоусова.

Но есть истории и со счастливым концом. Сейчас юрист ведет дело женщины из Казахстана, которая вместе с мужем и двумя детьми подавала на гражданство по программе переселения.

“Им отказали, так как у женщины обнаружили ВИЧ. Она решила развестись, чтобы дать возможность мужу и детям получить гражданство. Год жила в Казахстане и не видела своих детей, не принимала участие в их воспитании. После получения гражданства мужем и детьми семья решила восстановиться. Мы подали запрос в Роспотребнадзор, чтобы узнать о положении женщины, и нам пришел ответ, что ее нет в списках тех, кому закрыт въезд в Россию, так как на время пандемии принятие таких решений было приостановлено. Теперь мы срочно готовим документы, что у нее есть родственники-россияне, и семья наконец-то воссоединится”.

Почему норма депортации не только устарела, но и экономически невыгодна России

Координатор Региональной экспертной группы по здоровью мигрантов Даниил Кашницкий подчеркивает, что принятый в 1995 году закон о ВИЧ давно устарел: “Тогда норма о депортации была прописана, потому что не было эффективного лечения ни для иностранцев, ни для россиян и люди с ВИЧ быстро умирали. Благодаря современным препаратам, которые к тому же с каждым годом становятся дешевле, лечить людей намного выгоднее, чем выгонять из страны”.

Кирилл Барский из фонда “Шаги” рассказывает, что во время переговоров с сообществом власти оперируют тем, что “иностранцы распространяют инфекцию”, хотя никто не может это проверить и доказать.

“Однако основная контраргументация идет со стороны не депутатов, а экономических ведомств, которые считают, что платить за лечение иностранцев придется из средств госбюджета, – говорит Барский. – Никто из этих ведомств не рассматривает возможность дать этим людям обнаружиться и быть в законном поле, чтобы для начала можно было осуществить надзор за реальным заболеванием. А для этого надо снять заградительные меры, чтобы люди не боялись обращаться в больницы”.

“Невозможно говорить о выстраивании оказания системы помощи ВИЧ-положительным иностранцам за счет стран исхода мигрантов или Глобального фонда, пока существует норма о депортации, – продолжает Кирилл Барский. – Люди боятся обращаться за помощью. Они в принципе не хотят разговаривать с врачами, боясь, что в любую секунду их посадят в ЦВСИГ и отправят на родину. Мигранты находятся в такой ситуации, когда понимают, что им нужна помощь, и зачастую сами могут оплачивать терапию, но не могут про это рассказать, потому что понимают, какие могут быть последствия. Нередко даже граждане стран ЕАЭС, которым не надо сдавать тест на ВИЧ для получения патента, прекрасно здесь живут и получают терапию с родины, но все равно боятся попасть в поликлинику, потому что подвержены риску быть депортированными”.

Сотрудничающий с представителями СПИД-центров стран исхода мигрантов Даниил Кашницкий отмечает, что Россия не должна бояться, что в случае отмены нормы о депортации расходы на лечение иностранцев лягут на ее бюджет: “Сотрудники СПИД-центров стран Центральной Азии не только готовы делиться терапией, они уже это делают. Они своим мигрантам, независимо от их статуса проживания в России, отправляют терапию через родственников. Например, во время закрытых границ Кыргызстан выдавал терапию на руки до года. Единственно, раз полгода человек должен отправлять лечащему врачу результаты своих тестов на ВИЧ, чтобы он знал, что происходит с его пациентом”.

Кирилл Барский подтверждает, что страны исхода (НКО обращались в Минздрав Узбекистана, Кыргызстана, Молдовы и других государств) ответили, что готовы лечить своих граждан. Кыргызстан дал развернутый ответ, что готов обсуждать эти инициативы между странами и, если потребуется, принять соответствующие изменения в законодательство.

“Чтобы российские чиновники могли изменить мнение о ВИЧ среди иностранцев, наши эксперты готовят экономическую аргументацию того, что выгода от снятия заградительных мер гораздо выше, чем их существование. Все цивилизованные страны сняли заградительные меры, а страны Северной Америки и Европы даже за свой счет лечат иностранцев, потому что понимают, как это экономически выгодно им. Мы не противостоим государству, а продвигаем научное обоснование необходимости пересмотра нормы о депортации”, – заключает Кирилл Барский.