US: Restrictive immigration policies would undermine Public Health and economic stability

Expected Immigration Policies under a second Trump administration and their health and economic implications

Introduction

Immigration was a central campaign issue during the 2024 Presidential election with President-elect Trump vowing to take strict action to restrict both lawful and unlawful immigration into the U.S. Such actions would have stark impacts on the health and well-being of immigrant families as well as major economic consequences for the nation. As of 2023, there were 47.1 million immigrants residing in the U.S., and one in four children had an immigrant parent.1 Increased immigration boosts federal revenuesand lowers the national deficit through immigrants’ participation in the country’s economy, workforce, and through billions of dollars in tax contributions.

This issue brief discusses key changes to immigration policies that may take place under the second Trump administration based on his previous record and campaign statements, and their implications. President-elect Trump has indicated plans to restrict and eliminate legal immigration pathways, including humanitarian protections, and deport millions of immigrants, which would likely lead to separation of families, negative mental and physical impacts for immigrant families, and negative consequences on the nation’s workforce and economy.

Expected Policy Changes

Elimination of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) Program

The future of the DACA program remains uncertain due to pending litigation, and President-elect Trump has indicated plans to eliminate it, which would lead to over half a million DACA recipients losing protected status. DACA was originally established via executive action in June 2012 to protect certain undocumented immigrants who were brought to the U.S. as children from removal proceedings and receive authorization to work for renewable two-year periods. During his prior term, President-elect Trump sought to end DACA but was blocked by the Supreme Court in 2020. The Biden administration issued regulations in 2022 to preserve DACA protections. In September 2023, a district court in Texas ruled the DACA program unlawful, preventing the Biden administration from implementing the new regulations while the case awaits a decision in the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. Under pending court rulings, while the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is accepting first-time DACA requests, it is unable to process them. DHS is continuing to process DACA renewal requests and related requests for employment authorization. After the attempt to end DACA failed in 2020, the Trump administration saidthat it would try again to eliminate DACA protections, and, if the pending court ruling finds the program unlawful, the administration is unlikely to appeal the decision. There are over half a million active DACA recipients, a majority of whom are working and many of whom have U.S.-born children, who could be at risk of deportation if the program is eliminated.

A recent health coverage expansion to DACA recipients also is subject to pending litigation and would, if eliminated, leave many DACA recipients without access to an affordable coverage option. In May 2024, the Biden administration published regulations to extend eligibility for Affordable Care Act (ACA) Marketplace coverage with premium and cost-sharing subsidies to DACA recipients, who were previously ineligible for federally funded health coverage options. The regulation became effective November 1, 2024, allowing for enrollment during the 2025 Open Enrollment Period. In August 2024, a group of states filed a lawsuit against the federal government alleging that the ACA Marketplace coverage expansion for DACA recipients violates the Administrative Procedure Act. The case is currently under review at a district court in North Dakota and a decision is expected in the coming months. Elimination of the expansion could leave the nearly 100,000 uninsured DACA recipients it is estimated to cover without an affordable coverage option.

Changes to Public Charge Policy

President-elect Trump could reinstate changes to public charge policy that he made during his first term, which led to increased fears and misinformation among immigrant families about accessing programs and services, including health coverage. Under longstanding immigration policy, federal officials can deny entry to the U.S. or adjustment to lawful permanent resident (LPR) status (i.e., a “green card”) to someone they determine to be a public charge. During his prior term, President-elect Trump issued regulations in 2019 that broadened the scope of programs that the federal government would consider in public charge determinations to newly include the use of non-cash assistance programs like Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP). Research suggests that these changes increased fears among immigrant families about participating in programs and seeking services, including health coverage and care. Prior KFF analysis estimated that the 2019 changes to public charge policy could have led to decreased coverage for between 2 to 4.7 million Medicaid or CHIP enrollees who were noncitizens or citizens living in a mixed immigration status family. The Biden administration rescinded these changes. However, as of 2023, a majority of immigrant adults said in a KFF survey that they were “not sure” about public charge rules, and roughly one in ten (8%), rising to about one in four (27%) of likely undocumented immigrant adults, said they have avoided applying for assistance with food, housing, or health care in the past year due to immigration-related fears (Figure 1). As of November 2024, President-elect Trump has not indicated whether his administration plans to reinstate his first term changes to public charge policy.

 

Expanded Interior Enforcement Actions

President-elect Trump has indicated that his administration plans to carry out mass detentions and deportations of millions of immigrants, including long-term residents, which could lead to family separations and negative mental and physical health consequences. President-elect Trump has stated that he will declare a national emergency and use the U.S. military to carry out mass deportationsof tens of millions of undocumented immigrants residing in the U.S., many of whom have been living and working in the country for decades. Such a policy could lead to family separations as well as mass detentions, which can have negative implications for the mental health and well-being of immigrant families and also put their physical health at risk. Tom Homan, who was the director of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) during the first Trump administration and has been selected as the incoming administration’s “border czar”, has said that it is possible to carry out mass deportations without separating families by deporting an entire family unit together, even if the child may be a U.S. citizen. As was the case during his first term, he may also carry out workplace raids as part of mass deportation efforts. Research shows that such raids can lead to family separations, poor physical and mental health outcomes for immigrant families, negative birth and educational outcomes for the children of immigrants, and financial hardship due to employment losses. Prior KFF research shows that restrictive immigration policies implemented during the first Trump administration, including detention and deportation led to increased fears and stress among immigrant families and negatively impacted the health and well-being of children of immigrants, most of whom are U.S. citizens.

Mass deportations could also negatively impact the U.S. workforce and economy, where immigrants make significant contributions. Immigrants have similar rates of employment as their U.S.-born counterparts and play outsized roles in certain occupations such as agriculture, construction, and health care. Research has found that immigrants do not displace U.S.-born workers and help foster job growth through entrepreneurship and the consumption of goods and services. Further, federal data show that unemployment rates for U.S.-born workers have not decreased between 2022 and 2023 and have remained similar to those for immigrant workers. In addition, immigrants, including undocumented immigrants, pay billions of dollars in federal, state, and local taxes each year. Mass deportation of immigrants could lead to workforce shortages in key sectors which could have negative economic consequences including an increase in the cost of essential goods such as groceries. Vice President-elect Vance has stated that immigrants are responsible for the U.S. housing crisis. While some studies show a link between immigration and rising housing costs, in general, economists are skeptical of immigration being a primary driver. Mass deportation of immigrants could also worsen housing shortages since immigrants make up a significant share of construction workers. Workplace raids can exacerbate existing labor shortages and have a negative impact on the local economies of the communities where they take place. Further, research shows that without the contributions undocumented immigrants make to the Medicare Trust Fund, it would reach insolvency earlier, and that undocumented immigrants result in a net positive effect on the financial status of Social Security. There also is likely to be a significant cost to taxpayers for the government to carry out large-scale detention and deportations.

Ending Birthright Citizenship

President-elect Trump has stated that he will sign an executive order to end birthright citizenship for the children of some immigrants despite it being a guaranteed right under the U.S. Constitution, which would negatively impact the health care workforce and economy. This proposed action would limit access to health coverage and care for the children of immigrants since they may not have lawful status. It could also have broader ramifications for the nation’s workforce and economy, potentially exacerbating existing worker shortages, including in health care. KFF analysis of federal data shows that adult children of immigrants have slightly better educational and economic outcomes than adult children of U.S.-born parents and make up twice the share of physicians, surgeons, and other health care practitioners as compared to their share of the population (13% vs. 6%) (Figure 2). Other research also has found that children of immigrants contribute more in taxes on average than their parents or the rest of the U.S.-born population, and that their fiscal contributions exceed their costs associated with health care, education, and other social services.

 

Reinstatement of “Remain in Mexico” Policy

President-elect Trump has stated that he will reinstate the “Remain in Mexico” border policy and that he may use military spending to carry out stricter border enforcement, which would leave an increased number of asylum seekers facing unsafe conditions at the border. The first Trump administration implemented Migrant Protection Protocols, often referred to as the “Remain in Mexico” policy, in 2019. Under this policy, asylum seekers were required to remain in Mexico, often in unsafe conditions, while they awaited their immigration court hearings. The Biden administration ended this policy in 2022, following some legal challenges, although it implemented a series of increasingly restrictive limits on asylum eligibility in 2023 and 2024 in response to a high number of border encounters. President-elect Trump said he plans to reinstate the Migrant Protection Protocols. He also has indicated that he will deploy the National Guard, as well as active duty military personnel, if needed, to the U.S.-Mexico border, although details of the plan remain unclear. Heightened military presence at the border can lead to increased fears among immigrant families living in border areas and using part of the military budget for border security could face legal challenges.

Restrictions on Humanitarian Protections

President-elect Trump said he plans to significantly limit the entry of humanitarian migrants into the U.S. during his second term by restricting refugee limits, shutting down the CBP One application for asylum seekers, and eliminating Temporary Protected Status (TPS) designations for immigrants from some countries.  During his first term, President Trump set the annual refugee admissions ceiling at its lowest levels, ranging from 50,000 in 2017 to a historic low of 18,000 in 2020. The Biden administration increased the limit to 65,000 in 2021, a level close to the annual ceilings prior to the first Trump term, and further increased the limits in 2022 and 2024 in response to humanitarian concerns. It is likely that President-elect Trump will reduce the admissions ceiling for refugees in his second term. The President-elect has also said that he will close the CBP One application created by the Biden administration which allows asylum seekers to seek lawful entry to the U.S. by making an interview appointment with the DHS. While there have been implementation challenges with the CBP One application, shutting down the application could lead to “mass cancellation of appointments” and possibly an increase in attempts to cross the border outside of ports of entry. President-elect Trump also has indicated that he will roll back TPS designations for some immigrants, including those from Haiti. TPS designations protect immigrants from countries deemed unsafe by the DHS from deportation and provide them with employment authorization but do not provide a pathway to long-term residency or citizenship. As of March 2024, over 860,000 immigrants from 16 countries were protected by TPS. Loss of TPS would put people at risk for deportation, which could contribute to family separation which in turn can have negative impacts on the mental and physical health of immigrant families, and broader negative consequences for the workforce and economy.

Endnotes
  1. KFF analysis of 2023 American Community Survey 1-year Public Use Microdata Sample.

Libya: Migrants with critical health conditions sent home

Authorities in Tobruk deport over 120 migrants due to health issues

The Anti-Illegal Immigration Authority in Tobruk has confirmed the deportation of 121 illegal migrants from various nationalities as part of ongoing efforts to combat and eliminate illegal immigration.

According to the Authority’s media office, the deportees include Egyptians, Syrians, Sudanese, Pakistanis, and Chadians.

Many of the deported migrants suffer from critical health conditions, including 18 cases of viral hepatitis and two cases of HIV/AIDS, according to the same source.

Sweden: 96% of LGBTQI+ asylum seekers in Sweden rejected, violating legal protections

Asylum-seeking LGBTQI+ individuals deported on illegal grounds

Migration authorities are rejecting and deporting LGBTQI+ asylum seekers in violation of Swedish and international law. This is revealed by an extensive report by RFSL. “A legal scandal that continues in silence, behind confidentiality and secrecy,” says Aino Gröndahl, asylum law specialist at RFSL.

Despite the Swedish Migration Agency having taken several actions since RFSL’s last legal investigation in 2020, the situation for LGBTQI+ individuals seeking asylum in Sweden has not improved. A staggering 96 percent of the decisions and judgments reviewed in the new investigation were rejections, a higher percentage than the data RFSL’s asylum law specialist reviewed in 2020. The latest report also shows that illegal demands in SOGIESC asylum cases persist. This results in LGBTQI+ asylum seekers, who are entitled to protection in Sweden, being deported to countries where they risk persecution, torture, and the death penalty.

“Sweden continues to deport LGBTQI+ individuals on illegal grounds. It is a legal scandal that occurs in silence, behind confidentiality and secrecy. A shame for a country that claims to be a rule-of-law state,” says Aino Gröndahl, asylum lawyer at RFSL.

Stop the deportations of asylum-seeking LGBTQI+ individuals if safe and fair assessments cannot be guaranteed

RFSL is now calling for a decision and enforcement halt until safe and fair investigations, reviews, and assessments consistent with current law are guaranteed in SOGIESC asylum cases.

“The government must now ensure that the asylum process for LGBTQI+ individuals follows Swedish and international law. Until then, RFSL wants all illegal rejections and deportations of LGBTQI+ individuals to be stopped,” says Peter Sidlund Ponkala, Chairman of RFSL.

Summary of the Report

In the report “Rejection motivations in SOGIESC asylum cases in Sweden” RFSL has reviewed the Migration Agency’s assessments. This involves 1,360 decisions and judgments in SOGIESC asylum cases between November 2020 and May 2023. The report is authored by Aino Gröndahl, asylum lawyer at RFSL.

The report shows that:

  • The Migration Agency assessments of SOGIESC asylum cases violate Swedish and international law.
  • The Migration Agency continues to reject and deport asylum seekers on illegal grounds to countries that persecute and also apply the death penalty to LGBTQI+ individuals.
  • A full 96 percent of the decisions and judgments reviewed in the new report were rejections. This is a higher percentage than in the data RFSL’s asylum law specialist reviewed in 2020.
  • The right to an individual review and objective assessment is not met in SOGIESC asylum cases.
  • Discretionary requirements still occur, meaning that asylum seekers are required to have hidden their SOGIESC status in their home country to avoid persecution. This is despite discretion requirements having been prohibited in Swedish law for nearly two decades and in international law for over a decade.
  • Requirements for internal emotional processes and risk considerations in credibility and reliability assessments are solely based on stereotypes and prejudices about SOGIESC individuals. This violates, among other things, EU law and UNHCR guidelines.
  • The Migration Agency often demands that SOGIESC asylum seekers display negative emotions such as shame. This means that Swedish authorities condition the right to protection on LGBTQI+ individuals showing self-hatred to appear credible.

RFSL’s recommendations to the government

  • Halt decision-making and deportations until safe and fair investigations, reviews, and assessments consistent with current law are guaranteed in SOGIESC asylum cases.
  • Promptly appoint the investigation promised in the Tidö Agreement to review the legal safety in SOGIESC asylum cases.
  • Provide clear instructions and requirements to the Migration Agency for quality assurance in the investigation, review, and assessment of SOGIESC asylum cases.
  • Task the Migration Agency with continuously training all operational staff in the investigation, review, and assessment of protection needs based on sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression.
  • Task the Migration Agency with compiling statistics on SOGIESC asylum cases and the grounds on which an asylum case should be granted or rejected.

Syria: Syrian trans woman’s HIV status shared by media, leading to deportation and death

Refuge trans woman deported by Turkey over HIV status killed in Syria

A Syrian refugee trans woman, who was deported by Turkey after her HIV status was exposed on social media, was killed by the Free Syrian Army in collaboration with her family in Syria.

Adana LGBTI+ Solidarity on July 27 announced that a Syrian trans woman who were deported by Turkish authorities to Syria over her HIV status were killed in there five days ago.

LGBTI+ news outlet KaosGL reported that she was killed by Free Syrian Army and her family.

On July 5, local news outlets and several social media users shared medical documents about the refugee woman with serious hate speech.

Even though it is illegal to disclose any person’s medical information in Turkey, authorities decided to deport the refugee woman instead of punishing those involved in the crime.

The Adana LGBTI+ Solidarity stated, “In Adana, a Syrian trans woman had her private health information shared without consent and faced hate speech. This violated her personal rights and privacy. Trans woman M.E. was deported through the Cilvegözü Border Gate following these events. Unfortunately, we learned that she passed away five days ago.”

Russia: Immigrants deported for failing medical examination that includes HIV test

Bailiffs of Khakassia expelled 74 foreigners in six months

Translated from Russian by IA – Scroll down for article in Russian

In 2024, bailiffs of Khakassia expelled 74 foreign citizens from Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Georgia and Belarus from the Russian Federation. According to the UFSSP of Khakassia, they mainly exceeded the period of stay in Russia, and some were expelled for evading the mandatory rules of stay in the country, such as passing a medical commission.

The Beysky District Court established that an Azerbaijani citizen, after one year from the previous medical examination, did not pass the second medical commission. He also did not provide documents on the absence of the use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, the absence of infectious diseases that pose a danger to others, and a certificate of the absence of HIV infection.

The court found the foreign citizen guilty of committing an administrative offense and imposed a fine of 2 thousand rubles with subsequent administrative expulsion from Russia. Before the expulsion procedure, migrants are held in a specialized temporary detention facility. After purchasing travel documents, bailiffs of the special purpose department accompany foreign citizens to the checkpoint across the state border of Russia.


Судебные приставы Хакасии выдворили 74 иностранцев за полгода

В 2024 году судебные приставы Хакасии выдворили за пределы Российской Федерации 74 иностранных граждан из Таджикистана, Азербайджана, Узбекистана, Грузии и Белоруссии. Как рассказали в УФССП Хакасии, в основном они превысили срок пребывания в России, а некоторые были выдворены за уклонение от обязательных правил пребывания в стране, таких как прохождение медкомиссии.

Бейский районный суд установил, что гражданин Азербайджана, по истечении одного года с момента прохождения предыдущего медицинского освидетельствования, не прошёл повторную медкомиссию. Он также не предоставил документы об отсутствии фактов потребления наркотических средств и психотропных веществ, отсутствии инфекционных заболеваний, представляющих опасность для окружающих, и сертификат об отсутствии ВИЧ-инфекции.

Суд признал иностранного гражданина виновным в совершении административного правонарушения и назначил ему штраф в размере 2 тысяч рублей с последующим административным выдворением за пределы России. До процедуры выдворения мигранты содержатся в специализированном учреждении временного содержания. После приобретения проездных документов, судебные приставы отделения специального назначения сопровождают иностранных граждан до пункта пропуска через государственную границу России.

Iraq: Majority of Kurdistan’s new HIV cases are foreigners, now facing deportation

KRI’s MoH records 72 new cases of HIV/AIDS during 2023

Shafaq News / The Ministry of Health of the Kurdistan Region (KRI) announced on Friday the registration of 72 new cases of HIV/AIDS, confirming that the majority of them are from outside the Region.

In a statement released on the occasion of World AIDS Day, the ministry indicated that “the concerned authorities in the Region, as part of the 2023 control program, conducted 598,000 tests for the HIV virus, especially for foreigners before granting residency, blood donation, marriage, employees in tourist places, as well as detainees, prisoners, and individuals with thalassemia and viral hepatitis.”

The statement added that “the ministry recorded 72 new cases of HIV/AIDS during the current year, with the majority being foreign nationals,” stating that “measures have been taken against them, and they will be repatriated.

The ministry emphasized that “new cases among KRI’s citizens are under medical care and prevention measures, including continuous medical examination, treatment provision, and ongoing medical instructions.”

Russia: Court finds refusal to let migrant woman stay in Russia because of her HIV status unlawful

Court in Krasnodar invalidates refusal to allow a foreigner with HIV to stay in Russia

Translated via Deepl.com. For original article in Russian, please scroll down.

The Krasnodar Territory Department of the Russian Federal Consumer Rights Protection and Human Health Control Service decided that Uzbek citizen X. was undesirable in Russia because of her HIV positive status. The Leninskiy Court in Krasnodar found the ban discriminatory and unlawful.

The foreigner went to court to challenge the decision to ban her from staying in Russia, pointing out that her parents, brother and sister reside in Russia and have Russian citizenship, and she has never violated the law. When Rosia appealed to Rospotrebnadzor to cancel the decision, they replied that the procedure for cancellation or suspension under this category was not regulated by law and that the contested decision could only be cancelled on the basis of a court decision.

The court found that under the law On the Prevention of the Spread of Disease Caused by HIV in the Russian Federation, foreigners and stateless persons with such status may stay in the country if they do not violate administrative and criminal law. The Russian Constitutional Court has also confirmed the illegality of such restrictions.

As a result, the Leninskiy Court in Krasnodar ordered the regional department of Rospotrebnadzor to reverse the decision on the undesirability of the Uzbekistani citizen, who is now allowed to enter the country.


Суд в Краснодаре признал незаконным отказ во въезде в Россию иностранке с ВИЧ

Управление Роспотребнадзора по Краснодарскому краю приняло решение о нежелательности нахождения в России гражданки Узбекистана Р.Р. из-за ее положительного ВИЧ-статуса. Ленинский суд Краснодара признал запрет дискриминационным и незаконным.

Иностранка обратилась в суд, оспаривая решение о запрете пребывания в России, указав: ее родители, брат и сестра проживают в России и имеют российское гражданство, она ни разу не нарушала законодательство. Когда Розия обратилась в Роспотребнадзор с требованием отменить решение, там ответили – порядок отмены или приостановления по этой категории законодательно не урегулирован и отмена оспариваемого решения возможна только на основании решения суда.

Суд установил, что по закону “О предупреждении распространения в Российской Федерации заболевания, вызываемого ВИЧ” иностранцы и лица без гражданства с подобным статусом могут находиться в стране, если не нарушают административное и уголовное законодательство. Незаконность такого ограничения подтверждает и Конституционный суд России.

В итоге Ленинский суд Краснодара обязал региональное управление Роспотребнадзора отменить решение о нежелательности пребывания гражданки Узбекистана, которой теперь разрешен въезд в страну.

Cyprus: Decision to deport HIV positive student on the grounds of “carrying an infectious disease” is reversed

Deportation of HIV student halted after uproar

The civil registry and migration department on Saturday responded to being lambasted for ordering the deportation of a third-country student because he was HIV positive, saying they would be issuing him a residence permit under certain health conditions.

The Aids Solidarity Movement earlier in the day condemned the deportation order, labelling it an act of “severe discrimination” and calling for the reversal of the decision.

According to the statement, the student was informed by the civil registry and migration department on March 16 by letter that he would be deported on March 21 on the grounds of “carrying an infectious disease”.

The movement said that this decision completely ignored letters of support from both the Gregorios treatment centre and the Solidarity Movement itself, as well as the guidelines of the World Health Organisation, which state “that when a person living with HIV has an undetectable viral load, due to the effective medication they receive, they cannot transmit the virus, even through unprotected sex”.

“The student has access to medication from his country, does not burden the state in any way in relation to his antiretroviral treatment or medical supervision, and does not pose a risk to public health,” the statement added.

Moreover, with the student’s written consent, the movement sent his medical results, along with a note from Doctor Ioannis Demetriades, the head of the Gregorios Clinic and the head of the ministry of health’s HIV and Aids programme, to the migration department’s acting director, asking that the student be allowed to complete his studies.

“We denounce this serious discrimination based on the HIV status of an individual and demand the immediate change of the decision from all the competent bodies of the state that support human rights,” the statement concluded.

Later on Saturday a statement from the migration department said it would in the end be issuing the residence permit after receiving a confirmation from the competent medical services of the state that the student was not contagious.

The condition of the permit is that the student receive regular health checks at the Gregorios Clinic.

It added that it had only been following the law, which “prohibit entry into the country, or carry out deportations for those persons who are carriers or suffer from communicable or infectious diseases and which are a danger to public health”.

Cyprus: Migration Department cancels deportation of undetectable HIV-Positive student after backlash

Deportation of HIV student halted after uproar (Updated)

The civil registry and migration department on Saturday responded to being lambasted for ordering the deportation of a third-country student because he was HIV positive, saying they would be issuing him a residence permit under certain health conditions.

The Aids Solidarity Movement earlier in the day condemned the deportation order, labelling it an act of “severe discrimination” and calling for the reversal of the decision.

According to the statement, the student was informed by the civil registry and migration department on March 16 by letter that he would be deported on March 21 on the grounds of “carrying an infectious disease”.

The movement said that this decision completely ignored letters of support from both the Gregorios treatment centre and the Solidarity Movement itself, as well as the guidelines of the World Health Organisation, which state “that when a person living with HIV has an undetectable viral load, due to the effective medication they receive, they cannot transmit the virus, even through unprotected sex”.

“The student has access to medication from his country, does not burden the state in any way in relation to his antiretroviral treatment or medical supervision, and does not pose a risk to public health,” the statement added.

Moreover, with the student’s written consent, the movement sent his medical results, along with a note from Doctor Ioannis Demetriades, the head of the Gregorios Clinic and the head of the ministry of health’s HIV and Aids programme, to the migration department’s acting director, asking that the student be allowed to complete his studies.

“We denounce this serious discrimination based on the HIV status of an individual and demand the immediate change of the decision from all the competent bodies of the state that support human rights,” the statement concluded.

Later on Saturday a statement from the migration department said it would in the end be issuing the residence permit after receiving a confirmation from the competent medical services of the state that the student was not contagious.

The condition of the permit is that the student receive regular health checks at the Gregorios Clinic.

It added that it had only been following the law, which “prohibit entry into the country, or carry out deportations for those persons who are carriers or suffer from communicable or infectious diseases and which are a danger to public health”.

Russia: Law prohibiting migrants living with HIV from staying in the country does not just legalise discrimination, it also endangers their lives

“You have HIV, you have to leave”

Automated Google translation – For original article in Russian, please scroll down

Russia still has a law prohibiting HIV-infected migrants from staying in the country. This norm does not just legalise discrimination – it puts people in mortal danger who could receive treatment and live a normal life.

In the SIZO “Kresty” a “feeding trough” was opened – a hole through which food is passed to the arrested. A woman looked through the window and shouted: “Ramis – who?”

Ramis went to the “trough”.

– Congratulations, you have HIV. Come on, sign. If you infect someone, imprisonment for up to three years.

The woman left, the trough closed. Ramis turned and looked at the inmates:

– What was it?

Ramis came to St. Petersburg from Kyrgyzstan, worked as a driver. Ten years ago, he came home from work late at night, fell asleep at the wheel and got into a traffic accident. Ramis could not compensate for the damage for the wrecked car.

“The company has disclaimed responsibility: I had to work eight hours, but it turned out thirteen,” Ramis says. – I was delayed because the car needed to be repaired. I could have left it [at the car service], but there was a product inside it, [so] I waited for the repair, took the product, and on the way back it happened.

Ramis spent five months in a pre-trial detention center, he was sentenced to two years in a penal colony. At home, the man has a wife and son.

All this time, Ramis did not receive antiretroviral (ARV) therapy, despite his positive HIV status. Migrants in Russia do not have the right to this treatment, and even more so in prisons there is no access to the necessary medicines. The man did not know anything about the disease, his cellmates had already told him something about the virus.

Ramis was released in 2013. Of the documents, he only had a certificate of release. He was stopped immediately on the way from the colony to St. Petersburg, detained and sent to the center for those who are awaiting deportation.

Ramis spent another six months there, during which he became ill and developed tuberculosis of the lymph nodes. The man was taken to the hospital and again confirmed to be HIV positive. After that, the deportation process accelerated: there was another trial, and the employees of the migration service took Ramis to the airport.

Ramis recalls that before the deportation he was directly told:

– As we enter the airport, you take off your mask, do not talk about the temperature or tuberculosis, otherwise you will be returned again, they will not be allowed on the plane.

– The doctor told me to return to my homeland, I had to start taking ARV therapy, otherwise I would not have cured tuberculosis. I had to take off my mask and say that everything is fine with me, ”Ramis says. – As soon as they took off, I got dizzy. This five-hour flight seemed like an eternity to me. Honestly, I thought I was going to die.

Come and get infected here

In Russia, there is a law according to which migrants with HIV are denied treatment and deported to their homeland. The norm appeared in the country in 1995 as a fight against the spread of the virus. Initially, the law was passed in an environment when HIV was not yet a widespread disease.

The authorities believed that the epidemic in Russia could be prevented by limiting the flow of people with HIV, says Daniil Kashnitsky, junior researcher at the Institute for Social Policy at the Higher School of Economics. But by the end of the nineties, HIV still spread throughout Russia, including through injecting drug use, because people shared syringes.

Daniel emphasizes that now in the countries from which migrants most often come to Russia – Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan and Moldova – the level of HIV prevalence is lower than in Russia.

– In Ukraine, it is slightly lower, and in other countries – significantly, four to five times. Today we are not talking about the fact that someone comes to Russia en masse with HIV, but rather the opposite: they come and get infected with HIV here, ” says Kashnitsky. – This is evidenced by the data of epidemiological surveillance among migrants who returned to Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Again, this is not due to the fact that they have come to a country with a high prevalence of the disease, but because they have an increased risk of life.

Daniel considers a break with his family, a lack of help and older relatives to watch over those who left, as an increased risk of his life. As a result, migrants have more freedom to engage in sexual relations and may start using drugs.

“I lived without a wife for three years,” Ramis says. – Conducted, as they say, promiscuous sex. I got HIV through the bed.

You must pay back your debts first

When obtaining or renewing a patent, as well as a residence permit in Russia, people need to take an HIV test. The procedure usually takes place at migration centers. There is a large flow of people there, and if someone finds a virus, as a rule, no one advises him or explains anything. They just say, “You have HIV, you have to leave.”

“This news hits a man on the head like a sack,” says Kashnitsky. – In rural areas of Tajikistan, for example, the average salary is $ 100, which is enough only for food. To come to Russia and pay for a patent, people borrow money from relatives, friends, and banks. First, you have to repay these debts, and then only start working as a plus for yourself.

Migrants who came to Russia to work do not want to deceive the expectations of their relatives. In addition, HIV is a stigma, so migrants are the last to want to talk about the disease to their loved ones. Therefore, they hide their status and start working illegally, especially in Russia there is still the possibility of working in the gray zone.

Thus, the prohibition of migrants with HIV to stay in Russia has many negative consequences. A person who has been diagnosed with a virus is literally pushed into the illegal sphere. Not only does he not receive the necessary treatment, – being left without a patent and a residence permit, the migrant is not protected by the law in any way, at any moment he risks losing his job and salary, becomes especially vulnerable to the police: if he is stopped on the street, he will have to give a bribe.

Ilgiz decided to work in the gray zone. In 2019, he came to Moscow from Uzbekistan to work in his specialty. But it didn’t work out. Through a mobile application, Ilgiz met a young man who offered him to “work as an escort.”

– After he told me this, we had a fight, it even came to a fight. But I had to send home a serious amount, and it was impossible to achieve this with my earnings in Moscow.

Ilgiz went home and, as he says, “thought hard.” The apartment in which his parents lived was put up for auction for debts on utility bills. They were given sixty days to pay the fines.

The young man returned to Moscow and agreed to work.

– I deceived myself, reassured myself that it was temporary, that I would think of something and return back to normal life. But I went into this more and more. I started dating serious, big people. They asked for proof that I was healthy – every three months I was checked. And something suddenly told me that something was wrong with me.

The very bottom

At the state medical center, Ilgiz’s fears were confirmed. The doctor told him that he had a huge viral load and had HIV.

– I decided: I must kill myself. He worked out various options: jump off the floor, hang himself, get poisoned, throw himself under the car. But I realized that dead will bring more problems to my family than alive. It is very difficult to take a corpse from Russia home.

The young man was not provided with psychological support at the medical center, but the specialist immediately began to insist that Ilgiz provide his passport data, convincing him that he would not transfer them anywhere.

“I knew that as soon as I provided them, I would be deported. I was not afraid of being deported to my homeland, but the very reason – because of HIV – scared me. I didn’t want anyone to know about this, ”Ilgiz says. – I value my parents very much, I am afraid to shock them with such news – they may even abandon me. I have not received anything in this life, the most precious thing in it is my mom and dad, I cannot lose them.

Ilgiz did not disclose his personal data, did not tell his relatives about the disease and stayed to work in Russia. But he decided to lead a different way of life and tries not to return to the past.

In addition to difficulties with work, foreigners with HIV cannot receive education in Russia, even for a fee. Four years ago, Amir came from Uzbekistan to study dentistry in Tver. He was in his last year of college when he found out that he was ill.

Like Ilgiz, no one consulted Amir about the disease. Instead, doctors began to insist that he should be registered – as if then he would be able to receive therapy free of charge, like other foreigners.

– Of course, it was a hoax, – Amir is indignant. – Only after they took my data, they told me about the deportation. The state then was … the very bottom. What deportation? I cannot quit my studies, I have already studied to be a dentist for seven years. Plus, I belong to the MSM community (men who have sex with men. The term is adopted in organizations helping people with HIV. – Approx. TD ). Coming back would have ended very badly.

Amir learned of his status in January 2020. He still hasn’t told anyone about it. The young man just wanted to tell the guy about it, who most likely infected him. But they did not see each other for a year, and Amir could not find him and talk to him.

– In my homeland, everyone thinks that only sinners are sick with HIV. I myself was brought up with such convictions. They do not know that there is therapy, that those who are being treated are not contagious, everyone thinks that if you have HIV, you are doomed. But now I have been living for a year, and everything is in order.

It just needs to be done, and that’s it.

Migrants with HIV who remain illegally in Russia do not have access to routine healthcare. They can only rely on emergency medical assistance.

Due to the fact that migrants cannot take ARV therapy, their immunity decreases, the viral load grows, and complications begin. By the time they get to the hospital, they already need long-term treatment, which the Russian state is obliged to provide them.

But even access to emergency medicine can be difficult. In anticipation of deportation, Ramis spent several months in the temporary detention center for foreign citizens, for a long time he kept a temperature of forty degrees. He started treating tuberculosis only in Kyrgyzstan.

– I was in the hospital for four months. It was very bad without money. I was operated there: without anesthesia – “without shit” – they cut me.

Unfavorable discrimination

The Regional Expert Group on the Health of Migrants in the EECA region calculated that hospitalization and inpatient treatment of migrants with HIV costs Russia more than providing them with ARV therapy. Thus, the country spends more than 220 thousand rubles per person with an advanced HIV case in a hospital, and a course of an annual ARV therapy would cost about 85 thousand.

If Russia legalizes people with HIV, they will be able to return to their homeland, register with an AIDS center, receive treatment and continue working in Russia.

“We don’t even require today to set a budget for the treatment of migrants with HIV – it’s enough just to remove the rule on expulsion,” says Daniil Kashnitsky. – For some reason, doctors and officials believe that the abolition of deportation will necessarily lead to an increase in costs, but this is not so. Absolutely no one will suffer from this, and there will be many advantages. It just needs to be done, and that’s it.

Many countries abolished similar deportation rules 10-15 years ago. According to Daniil Kashnitsky, HIV is a pandemic and the closure of borders does not help the fight against the spread of the virus. The European Court of Human Rights demanded from Russia a complete refusal to discriminate against HIV-positive foreigners back in 2016, but during this time the legislation has not changed in any way.

In April, State Duma deputy Fedot Tumusov submitted to the Russian government a bill proposing to abolish the mandatory deportation of migrants with HIV if they receive ARV therapy. Denis Kamaldinov, chairman of the board of the non-profit organization Humanitarian Project, is confident that the initiative will improve the situation with the disease.

– The person who is on therapy will not transmit the virus to others. This will partly solve the problem of prevention, says Kamaldinov. – If labor migrants are in the country legally, then the country needs them. This means that it is important to verify all the mechanisms for legalizing these people, regardless of their HIV status.

According to Kamaldinov, if the countries where migrants come from agree to provide them with therapy, then it will be necessary to decide who will control the treatment. He believes that adherence to therapy should be monitored in the health care system, and not in the migration service.

– It is important to calculate the capacity of the health care system to monitor and accompany migrants, or to work out the mechanisms that are associated with the fact that a person provides analyzes for local health care.

Tumusov hoped that the initiative would be successful:

– At least if you look at things objectively.

But in mid-July, the government received a negative response to the bill. The response (available to the editorial office) specifies that there are no legal grounds for providing migrants with therapy at the expense of foreign states. Bans on the entry and residence of foreign citizens and stateless persons with HIV, according to the document, were established “in order to prevent the spread of HIV infection in the territory of the Russian Federation”. The only exceptions are people who have family members, children or parents who have citizenship or permanently reside in the territory of the Russian Federation.

Never ask for help

Traditionally, it is believed that HIV is spread only in certain groups: among homosexuals, injecting drug users. Their risk of infection is indeed higher, but, according to official data, the main route of transmission of the virus in Russia is through sex with heterosexual partners. Because of prejudice about the spread of the virus, people with HIV do not get tested, are unaware of their status, infect partners and exacerbate the pandemic. In 2019, 1,068,839 people were registered in Russia living with HIV.

According to Kashnitsky, there is no data that would indicate that HIV prevalence trends among migrants differ. Throughout the EECA region, the proportion of sexual transmission is increasing and the proportion of HIV transmission through injecting drug use is decreasing.

To combat the epidemic, every HIV-positive person must have access to ARV therapy. On average, over three months of treatment, the viral load decreases so much that a person cannot infect other people, even his sexual partner, with unprotected sex.

According to the research platform “To be precise,” only 44% of people living with HIV were receiving antiretroviral therapy in Russia in 2019. This is due to underfunding of AIDS centers, outdated treatment protocols, as well as stigma around the disease – people are afraid to seek help. Someone is worried that acquaintances will find out that difficulties may arise at work; migrants also fear expulsion from the country.

“Migrants with HIV will never seek help,” Ramis says. – They know: they will be deported for life.

Visitors with HIV not only do not go to doctors, but also do not undergo official testing for the presence of the disease due to fear of expulsion. Therefore, there is no complete epidemiological picture of the number of HIV-positive migrants. According to official data, in 2019, 97 thousand Russians and only 2 thousand newcomers were diagnosed with HIV.

“Official testing data is the tip of the iceberg,” says Daniel. – We have no way of believing that HIV-positive migrants pose any risk for Russians.

***

All the heroes of this article have achieved zero viral load. Ilgiz, with the help of the foundation, contacted the doctor, who wrote out a treatment plan for him, and he himself buys the medicines at the pharmacy. Amir is receiving therapy at a non-profit organization. Both remain in Russia for the time being illegally. Ramis has been receiving medicines at the AIDS Center in Kyrgyzstan for six years.

“Deportation is wrong,” Ilgiz believes. – Every person is wrong – you do not know what will happen tomorrow. So I didn’t know. I was sure, not one hundred, but a thousand percent that this would not happen to me, I protected myself, took pre-exposure and post-exposure therapy, passed tests. But I got sick anyway. But the main thing is that I know about my status and I am undergoing treatment.

Ramis did not see his wife and son for two years after returning to his homeland – he communicated with them only by phone. He believed that with so many problems and HIV-positive status, he could no longer have a family. Then Ramis started working in an organization that helps people with HIV and tuberculosis.

– Doctors from the center asked me why I didn’t invite my wife and son to my place. I laughed: “Why are you driving? I have so many problems. ” And then I decided to call them. For another two years, under various pretexts, I had sex with my wife with a condom. But then I realized that with therapy I could have a healthy child and not infect my wife. Our daughter is eight months old.


«У вас ВИЧ, вы должны уехать»

В России до сих пор действует закон, запрещающий находиться на территории страны мигрантам с ВИЧ-инфекцией. Эта норма не просто легализует дискриминацию — она подвергает смертельной опасности людей, которые могли бы получать лечение и жить самой обычной жизнью

В СИЗО «Кресты» открылась «кормушка» — отверстие, через которое арестованным передают еду. В окошко заглянула женщина и крикнула: «Рамис — кто?»

Рамис подошел к «кормушке».

— Поздравляю, у вас ВИЧ. Давайте, расписывайтесь. Если кого-то заразите, лишение свободы до трех лет.

Женщина ушла, кормушка закрылась. Рамис повернулся, посмотрел на сокамерников:

— Че это было-то?

Рамис приехал в Санкт-Петербург из Кыргызстана, работал водителем. Десять лет назад он поздно ночью возвращался с работы, уснул за рулем и попал в дорожно-транспортное происшествие. Возместить ущерб за разбитую машину Рамис не смог.

— Компания сняла с себя ответственность: я должен был работать восемь часов, а вышло тринадцать, — говорит Рамис. — Я задержался из-за того, что машину нужно было ремонтировать. Я мог бы ее оставить [в автосервисе], но внутри нее был товар, [поэтому] я дождался ремонта, отвез товар, и по пути назад это случилось.

Пять месяцев Рамис провел в СИЗО, его приговорили к двум годам колонии-поселения. На родине у мужчины остались жена и сын.

Все это время Рамис не получал антиретровирусную (АРВ) терапию, несмотря на положительный ВИЧ-статус. У мигрантов в России нет права на это лечение, а в тюрьмах тем более нет доступа к необходимым медикаментам. О заболевании мужчина ничего не знал, что-то о вирусе рассказали ему уже сокамерники.

Рамис вышел на свободу в 2013 году. Из документов у него была только справка об освобождении. Его остановили сразу по пути из колонии в Санкт-Петербург, задержали и отправили в центр для тех, кого ждет депортация.

Там Рамис провел еще шесть месяцев, во время которых ему стало плохо, развился туберкулез лимфатических узлов. Мужчину отвезли в больницу и снова подтвердили, что у него ВИЧ. После этого процесс депортации ускорился: прошел еще один суд, и сотрудники миграционной службы доставили Рамиса в аэропорт.

Рамис вспоминает, что перед депортацией ему прямо сказали:

— Как в аэропорт зайдем, ты сними маску, не говори про температуру или туберкулез, а то тебя опять вернут, в самолет не пустят.

— Мне врач велела вернуться на родину, нужно было начать принимать АРВ-терапию, иначе я не вылечил бы туберкулез. Пришлось мне маску снять и сказать, что у меня все хорошо, — говорит Рамис. — Как только взлетели, у меня головокружение началось. Этот пятичасовой перелет мне показался вечностью. Честно скажу, я думал, что сдохну.

Приезжают и здесь заражаются

В России действует закон, по которому мигрантам с ВИЧ отказывают в лечении и депортируют их на родину. Норма появилась в стране в 1995 году в качестве борьбы с распространением вируса. Изначально закон принимали в условиях, когда ВИЧ еще не был повсеместным заболеванием.

Власти считали, что эпидемию в России можно предотвратить, если ограничить поток людей с ВИЧ, рассказывает младший научный сотрудник Института социальной политики НИУ ВШЭ Даниил Кашницкий. Но уже к концу девяностых ВИЧ все равно распространился по всей России, в том числе из-за употребления инъекционных наркотиков, потому что люди пользовались общими шприцами.

Даниил подчеркивает, что сейчас в странах, откуда чаще всего приезжают мигранты в Россию, — Узбекистане, Таджикистане, Украине, Кыргызстане и Молдове — уровень распространения ВИЧ ниже, чем в России.

— На Украине немного ниже, а в остальных странах — значительно, в четыре-пять раз. Сегодня речь не идет о том, что кто-то в Россию приезжает массово с ВИЧ, а, скорее, наоборот: они приезжают и здесь заражаются ВИЧ-инфекцией, — говорит Кашницкий. — Об этом свидетельствуют данные эпидемиологического надзора среди мигрантов, вернувшихся в Узбекистан и Таджикистан. И опять же это происходит не из-за того, что они приехали в страну с высокой распространенностью заболевания, а потому, что у них повышенный риск жизни.

К повышенному риску жизни Даниил относит разрыв с семьей, отсутствие помощи и старших родственников, которые бы следили за уехавшими. В результате мигранты свободнее вступают в сексуальные отношения, могут начать употреблять наркотики.

— Я без жены три года жил, — рассказывает Рамис. — Вел, как это говорится, беспорядочные половые связи. Через постель у меня появился ВИЧ.

Сначала ты должен вернуть долги

При получении или продлении патента, а также вида на жительство в России людям необходимо сдать тест на ВИЧ. Процедура обычно проходит в миграционных центрах. Там большой поток людей, и если у кого-то находят вирус, его, как правило, никто не консультирует и ничего не объясняет. Просто говорят: «У вас ВИЧ, вы должны уехать».

— Эта новость как мешком ударяет человека по голове, — говорит Кашницкий. — В сельской местности Таджикистана, например, средняя зарплата — 100 долларов, ее хватает только на еду. Люди, чтобы приехать в Россию и оплатить патент, одалживают деньги у родных, друзей, в банках. Сначала ты должен вернуть эти долги, а потом уже только начать работать в плюс для себя.

Мигранты, приехавшие в Россию на заработки, не хотят обманывать ожидания родных. Кроме того, ВИЧ — это стигма, поэтому мигранты в последнюю очередь хотят рассказывать о заболевании своим близким. Поэтому они скрывают свой статус и начинают работать нелегально, тем более в России до сих пор сохраняется возможность работы в серой зоне.

Таким образом, запрет мигрантам с ВИЧ находиться в России имеет множество негативных последствий. Человека, у которого выявили вирус, буквально выталкивают в нелегальную сферу. Он не только не получает необходимого лечения, — оставаясь без патента и вида на жительство, мигрант никак не защищен законом, в любой момент рискует лишиться работы и зарплаты, становится особенно уязвимым перед полицией: если остановят на улице, придется давать взятку.

Работать в серой зоне решил Ильгиз. Он в 2019 году приехал в Москву из Узбекистана работать по специальности. Но не вышло. Через мобильное приложение Ильгиз познакомился с молодым человеком, который предложил ему «работать эскортом».

— После того как он это мне сказал, мы с ним поругались, дошло даже до драки. Но мне нужно было отправить домой серьезную сумму, а моими заработками в Москве этого добиться было невозможно.

Ильгиз уехал домой и, как он говорит, «подумал хорошенько». Квартиру, в которой жили его родители, выставили на аукцион за долги по коммунальным счетам. Им дали шестьдесят дней, чтобы оплатить штрафы.

Молодой человек вернулся в Москву и согласился на работу.

— Я обманывал себя, успокаивал, что это временно, что я что-то придумаю и вернусь обратно к нормальной жизни. Но я уходил в это все сильнее. Я начал встречаться с серьезными, большими людьми. Они просили доказательства, что я здоров, — каждые три месяца я проверялся. И что-то мне вдруг подсказало, что со мной что-то не так.

Самое дно

В государственном медицинском центре опасения Ильгиза подтвердились. Врач сказал ему, что у него огромная вирусная нагрузка и он болен ВИЧ.

— Я решил: надо убить себя. Прорабатывал разные варианты: спрыгнуть с этажа, повеситься, отравиться, броситься под машину. Но я понял, что мертвый принесу своей семье больше проблем, чем живой. Вывезти труп из России на родину очень сложно.

Психологической поддержки в медцентре молодому человеку не оказали, но специалист сразу начал настаивать на том, чтобы Ильгиз предоставил свои паспортные данные, убеждая, что никуда не будет их передавать.

— Я знал, что, как только предоставлю их, меня депортируют. Я не боялся выдворения на родину, но сам повод — из-за ВИЧ — меня пугал. Я не хотел, чтобы об этом кто-то узнал, — говорит Ильгиз. — Я очень дорожу родителями, такими новостями я боюсь их шокировать — они могут даже отказаться от меня. Я в этой жизни ничего не получил, самое дорогое в ней — мои мама и папа, их я не могу потерять.

Ильгиз не раскрыл свои личные данные, не рассказал о заболевании родным и остался работать в России. Но решил вести другой образ жизни и старается не возвращаться к прошлому.

Помимо трудностей с работой, иностранцы с ВИЧ не могут в России получать образование, даже платно. Четыре года назад учиться на стоматолога в Тверь из Узбекистана приехал Амир. Он был на последнем курсе института, когда узнал, что болен.

Так же как и Ильгиза, Амира никто не проконсультировал о заболевании. Вместо этого врачи стали настаивать, что ему надо встать на учет — якобы тогда он сможет бесплатно получать терапию, как и другие иностранцы.

— Конечно, это было обманом, — возмущается Амир. — Только после того, как они забрали мои данные, мне сказали о депортации. Состояние тогда было… самое дно. Какая депортация? Я не могу бросить учебу, я семь лет уже проучился на стоматолога. Плюс я отношусь к сообществу МСМ (мужчины, занимающиеся сексом с мужчинами. Термин принят в организациях, помогающих людям с ВИЧ. — Прим. ТД). Возвращение обратно закончилось бы очень плохо.

Амир узнал о своем статусе в январе 2020 года. Он до сих пор об этом никому не сказал. Молодой человек только хотел рассказать об этом парню, который, скорее всего, его заразил. Но они не виделись год, и Амир не смог его найти и поговорить с ним.

— На моей родине все считают, что ВИЧ болеют только грешники. Я сам был воспитан в таких убеждениях. Там не знают, что есть терапия, что те, кто лечится, не заразны, все думают, что если у тебя ВИЧ, то ты обречен. Но вот я уже год живу, и все в порядке.

Это просто надо сделать, и все

У мигрантов с ВИЧ, которые остаются нелегально в России, нет доступа к плановой медицине. Они могут рассчитывать только на экстренную помощь врачей.

Из-за того что мигранты не могут принимать АРВ-терапию, их иммунитет снижается, вирусная нагрузка растет, начинаются осложнения. К тому моменту, когда они попадают в больницу, им уже требуется длительное лечение, которое российское государство им обязано предоставить.

Но даже с доступом к экстренной медицине могут возникнуть трудности. В ожидании депортации Рамис провел в центре временного содержания иностранных граждан несколько месяцев, долгое время у него держалась температура сорок градусов. Лечить туберкулез он начал только в Кыргызстане.

— Четыре месяца я был в больнице. Без денег было очень плохо. Мне операцию там делали: без наркоза — «без ни хрена» — они меня резали.

Невыгодная дискриминация

В Региональной экспертной группе по здоровью мигрантов в регионе ВЕЦА подсчитали, что госпитализация и стационарное лечение мигрантов с ВИЧ обходятся России дороже, чем их обеспечение АРВ-терапией. Так, страна тратит больше 220 тысяч рублей на одного человека с запущенным случаем ВИЧ в больнице, а курс годовой АРВ-терапии стоил бы около 85 тысяч.

Если Россия легализует людей с ВИЧ, они смогут вернуться на родину, встать на учет в СПИД-центре, получить лечение и продолжить работать в России.

— Мы даже не требуем сегодня закладывать бюджет на лечение мигрантов с ВИЧ — достаточно просто убрать норму о выдворении, — говорит Даниил Кашницкий. — Врачи, чиновники почему-то считают, что отмена депортации обязательно повлечет за собой рост расходов, но это не так. От этого абсолютно никто не пострадает, а плюсов будет много. Это просто надо сделать, и все.

Многие страны отменили схожие нормы о депортации 10—15 лет назад. По словам Даниила Кашницкого, ВИЧ — это пандемия и закрытие границ не помогает борьбе с распространением вируса. Европейский суд по правам человека требовал от России полного отказа от дискриминации ВИЧ-положительных иностранцев еще в 2016 году, но за это время законодательство никак не изменилось.

В апреле депутат Государственной Думы Федот Тумусов направил на рассмотрение правительства России законопроект, предлагающий отменить обязательную депортацию мигрантов с ВИЧ, если они получают АРВ-терапию. Председатель правления некоммерческой организации «Гуманитарный проект» Денис Камалдинов уверен, что инициатива улучшит ситуацию с заболеваемостью.

— Человек, который принимает терапию, не будет передавать вирус другим. Отчасти это решит проблему профилактики, — говорит Камалдинов. — Если трудовые мигранты находятся в стране легально, значит они нужны стране. Значит, важно верифицировать все механизмы легализации этих людей вне зависимости от ВИЧ-статуса.

По мнению Камалдинова, если страны, откуда мигранты приезжают, согласятся обеспечивать их терапией, дальше нужно будет решить, кто станет контролировать лечение. Он считает, что за приверженностью к терапии должны следить в системе здравоохранения, а не в миграционной службе.

— Важно рассчитать возможности системы здравоохранения по наблюдению и сопровождению мигрантов либо отработать механизмы, которые связаны с тем, что человек предоставляет анализы для местного здравоохранения.

Тумусов рассчитывал, что инициатива будет успешна:

— По крайней мере, если смотреть на вещи объективно.

Но в середине июля от правительства пришел отрицательный отзыв на законопроект. В отзыве (есть в распоряжении редакции) уточняется, что нет правовых оснований для обеспечения мигрантов терапией за счет средств иностранных государств. Запреты на въезд и проживание иностранных граждан и лиц без гражданства с ВИЧ, согласно документу, установлены «в целях предупреждения распространения ВИЧ-инфекции на территории Российской Федерации». Исключение составляют только люди, у которых есть члены семьи, дети или родители, имеющие гражданство или постоянно проживающие на территории РФ.

Никогда не обратятся за помощью

Традиционно считается, что ВИЧ распространен лишь в определенных группах: среди гомосексуалов, инъекционных наркопотребителей. Риск заражения у них действительно выше, но, согласно официальным данным, основной путь передачи вируса в России — секс гетеросексуальных партнеров. Из-за предубеждений о распространении вируса люди с ВИЧ не сдают анализы, не знают о своем статусе, заражают партнеров и усугубляют пандемию. В 2019 году в России было зарегистрировано 1 068 839 человек, живущих с ВИЧ-инфекцией.

По словам Кашницкого, нет данных, которые бы говорили, что среди мигрантов тенденции распространения ВИЧ отличаются. По всему региону ВЕЦА растет доля сексуального пути передачи и сокращается доля передачи ВИЧ при употреблении инъекционных наркотиков.

Для борьбы с эпидемией доступ к АРВ-терапии должен быть у каждого ВИЧ-положительного человека. В среднем за три месяца лечения вирусная нагрузка снижается настолько, что человек не может заразить других людей, даже своего полового партнера при незащищенном сексе.

Согласно данным исследовательской платформы «Если быть точным», антиретровирусную терапию в России в 2019 году получали только 44% людей, живущих с ВИЧ. Это связано с недофинансированием центров СПИДа, с устаревшими протоколами лечения, а также со стигмой вокруг заболевания — люди боятся обращаться за помощью. Кто-то переживает, что узнают знакомые, что могут возникнуть трудности на работе; мигранты опасаются еще и выдворения из страны.

— Мигранты с ВИЧ никогда не обратятся за помощью, — говорит Рамис. — Они ведь знают: им светит пожизненная депортация.

Приезжие с ВИЧ не только не обращаются к врачам, но и не проходят официальное тестирование на наличие заболевания из-за страха выдворения. Поэтому полной эпидемиологической картины по количеству ВИЧ-положительных мигрантов нет. По официальным данным, в 2019 году ВИЧ выявили у 97 тысяч россиян и всего у 2 тысяч приезжих.

— Данные официального тестирования — это верхушка айсберга, — уточняет Даниил. — У нас нет возможности полагать, что ВИЧ-положительные мигранты представляют хоть какой-либо риск для россиян.

***

Нулевой вирусной нагрузки добились все герои этой статьи. Ильгиз с помощью фонда связался с врачом, который расписал ему план лечения, и сам покупает лекарства в аптеке. Амир получает терапию в некоммерческой организации. Оба пока что остаются в России нелегально. Рамис уже шесть лет получает лекарства в СПИД-центре Кыргызстана.

— Депортация — это неправильно, — считает Ильгиз. — Каждый человек ошибается — вы же не знаете, что будет завтра. Вот и я не знал. Я был уверен не на сто, а на тысячу процентов, что со мной этого не произойдет, я предохранялся, принимал доконтактную и постконтактную терапию, сдавал анализы. Но все равно заболел. Но главное — я знаю о своем статусе и прохожу лечение.

Рамис два года после возвращения на родину не виделся со своей женой и сыном — общался с ними лишь по телефону. Он считал, что с таким количеством проблем и ВИЧ-положительным статусом у него больше не может быть семьи. Потом Рамис начал работать в организации, которая помогает людям с ВИЧ и туберкулезом.

— Врачи из центра спрашивали меня, почему я не зову жену с сыном к себе. Я смеялся: «Вы че, гоните? У меня столько проблем». А потом решился их позвать. Еще два года я под разными предлогами занимался с женой сексом с презервативом. Но потом понял, что с терапией могу иметь здорового ребенка и не заражу жену. Нашей дочери восемь месяцев.