A bipartisan bill introduced in the House calls for a review of state laws that criminalize behavior by people with HIV, including many laws that seem anachronistic or inappropriate given what has been learned during the last three decades about the transmission and treatment of the virus that causes AIDS. The bill should be passed.
The Repeal HIV Discrimination Act of 2013, introduced by Reps. Barbara Lee (D-Oakland) and Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R-Fla.), would not by itself repeal any state laws. The federal government can’t do that. But the bill would encourage state governments to repeal laws that are based on outdated fears. It is backed by the Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS and is in line with the UN’s stand that criminalization should be limited to cases in which a person knows he or she has HIV, intends to transmit it and successfully does so.
There are HIV-specific criminal statutes on the books in 32 states, and some are fairly common sense. In California, which has one of the better laws, people who know they are HIV positive must disclose that fact to their sex partners before having unprotected sex. If they do not, and if they “act with intent to infect,” they may be charged with a felony.
But 13 states have laws that make it a crime for an infected person to spit at, bite or throw their blood on others. That might have seemed reasonable at the height of the panic over AIDS, but we now know it is not. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, only blood, semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk can transmit the virus. And to do so, they must come in contact with a mucous membrane or damaged tissue or be injected into the bloodstream. Saliva does not transmit HIV. It is extraordinarily rare for a human bite to transmit HIV.
In the last few years, there have been dozens of cases documented by the Center for HIV Law and Policy in which people have been charged with criminally transmitting HIV by biting or spitting (even though no transmission occurred) or convicted of failing to disclose to a sexual partner that they were HIV positive (even if the virus was not transmitted). In some states, people with these convictions have to register as sex offenders.
Though treatment has come a long way, HIV is still an extremely serious and basically incurable virus, and the House bill would not stop the prosecution of people who deliberately (and successfully) infect others. It is certainly wrong for infected people to cavalierly or maliciously have sex without disclosing their HIV-positive status and without taking precautions against transmitting the virus. But there is no reason to keep the laws against spitting and biting on the books. They are based on fears that have since been disproved by science.
